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Vol. 26. Issue 1.
Pages 45-52 (January 2011)
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Vol. 26. Issue 1.
Pages 45-52 (January 2011)
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Focal dystonia in musicians
Distonía focales en los músicos
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R. Aránguiza,
Corresponding author
ulises147@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, P. Chana-Cuevasb, D. Alburquerqueb, M. Leónb
a Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (CETRAM-USACH), Hospital Geriátrico de Santiago de Chile,Santiago de Chile, Chile
b Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (CETRAM-USACH), Unidad de Movimientos Anormales, Departamento de Neurología Clínica Alemana, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Abstract
Introduction

A special group of focal dystonia is that known as occupational, which include dystonic disorders triggered by repetitive motor activity, closely associated with the professional activity of a specific task that the affected person performs. In this sense, musicians are a population particularly vulnerable to this disorder, which is presented during the execution of highly trained movements.

Objective

This article reviews the pathophysiology of focal dystonia and its therapeutic implications.

Development

The pathophysiological basis of focal dystonia in the musician is still not well established. However, due to the contribution of neurophysiological studies and functional neuroimaging, there is growing evidence of anomalies in the processing of sensory information, sensorimotor integration, cortical and subcortical inhibitory processes, which underline this disease.

Clinically, it is characterised by the appearance of involuntary muscle contractions, and is associated with loss of motor control while practicing music. It is a gradual appearance and sometimes there may be a history of musculoskeletal injuries or nonphysiological postures preceding the appearance of the symptoms. The neurological examination is usually normal, although subtle dystonic postures can develop spontaneously or with movements that involve the affected segments. The dystonia remains focal and is not generalised.

Conclusions

Treatment is based on using multiple strategies for the management of the dystonia, with variable results. Although a specific therapy has not been defined, there are general principles that are combined in each situation looking for results. This includes, among others, pharmacological interventions, management with botulinum toxin, and sensory re-training techniques.

Keywords:
Focal dystonia
Musician
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Botulin toxin
Sensory training
Resumen
Introducción

: Un grupo especial de distonía focal son las conocidas como ocupacionales, las que incluyen trastornos distónicos desencadenados por una actividad motora repetitiva, íntimamente relacionada con la actividad profesional o tarea específica que realiza el afectado. En este sentido los músicos son una población especialmente vulnerable a esta patología, que se presenta durante la ejecución de movimientos altamente entrenados.

Objetivo

En este manuscrito se revisa la fisiopatología y sus implicancias terapéuticas.

Desarrollo

Las bases fisiopatológicas de la distonía focal del músico aún no se conocen completamente. Sin embargo, gracias al aporte de estudios neurofisiológicos y de neuroimágenes funcionales, existe creciente evidencia de alteraciones en el procesamiento de información sensorial, integración sensorio-motora, procesos corticales y subcorticales de inhibición, que subyacen a esta patología.

Clínicamente, se caracteriza por aparición de contracción muscular involuntaria y se asocia a pérdida del control motor durante la ejecución musical. Es de aparición gradual y ocasionalmente pueden existir antecedentes de lesiones musculoesqueléticas o posturas no fisiológicas que anteceden la aparición de los síntomas. El examen neurológico es usualmente normal, aunque pueden desarrollarse posturas distónicas sutiles espontáneamente o con movimientos que involucran los segmentos afectados. La distonía permanece focal y no se generaliza.

Conclusiones

El tratamiento se basa en la utilización de múltiples estrategias para el manejo de la distonía, con resultado variables. Si bien no se ha definido una terapia especifica, existen principios generales que se combinan en cada situación buscando obtener resultados. Esto incluye intervenciones desde una perspectiva farmacológica, manejo con toxina botulínica, técnicas de reentrenamiento sensorial, entre otras.

Palabras clave:
Distonía focal
Músico
Fisiopatología
Tratamiento
Toxina botulínica
Entrenamiento sensorial
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Copyright © 2011. Sociedad Española de Neurología
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