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Vol. 155. Issue 9.
Pages 395-402 (November 2020)
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Vol. 155. Issue 9.
Pages 395-402 (November 2020)
Review
Update on malaria
Actualización en malaria
Visits
7
Rosauro Varoa,b, Carlos Chaccoura,b,c,d, Quique Bassata,b,e,f,g,
Corresponding author
quique.bassat@isglobal.org

Corresponding author.
a ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
c Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania
d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
e ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
f Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
g Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Clinical defining features of severe malaria.
Table 2. Diagnostic tools for detection of malaria, benefits and limitations.
Table 3. Main principles for the drug treatment of malaria.
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Abstract

Despite recent successful efforts to reduce the global malaria burden, this disease remains a significant global health problem. Only in 2018, malaria caused 228 million clinical episodes, 2–4 million of which were severe malaria cases, and 405,000 were fatal. Most of the malaria attributable mortality occurred among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Nowadays, rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin derivatives are two of the main pillars for the management of malaria. However, considering the current situation, these strategies are not sufficient to maintain a reducing trend in malaria incidence and mortality. New insights into the pathophysiology of malaria have highlighted the importance of the host response to infection. Understanding this response would help to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Vector and parasite drug resistance are two major challenges for malaria control that require special attention. The most advanced malaria vaccine (RTS,S) is currently being piloted in 3 African countries.

Keywords:
Malaria
Diagnosis
Antimalarial drugs
Vaccines
Resumen

La malaria es la enfermedad parasitaria más importante del mundo, causando una enorme carga de morbimortalidad en aquellas zonas donde es endémica. Los primeros 15 años del siglo xx han visto como la incidencia de la malaria y las muertes atribuibles a esta enfermedad disminuían de forma significativa. Los enormes avances en los tratamientos y métodos diagnósticos, así como en las estrategias de prevención han contribuido, sin duda, a mejorar la situación de esta enfermedad a nivel global. Sin embargo, una serie de desafíos biológicos, que incluyen la aparición de resistencias por parte del parásito a los antimaláricos, así como por parte de los vectores a los insecticidas, y la aparición de parásitos mutantes que no expresan el gen de la proteína PfHRP2 (siendo, por tanto, «invisibles» a las pruebas diagnósticas rápidas basadas en esta proteína), han puesto en peligro los enormes avances observados. Si la comunidad global pretende continuar avanzando de forma firme hacia la erradicación global de esta enfermedad, será importante mejorar la actual cobertura de todas estas intervenciones, así como fomentar la innovación en las áreas de diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento.

Palabras clave:
Malaria
Diagnóstico
Antimaláricos
Vacunas

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