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Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Effectiveness and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in immunosuppress...
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Vol. 164. Issue 12.
(June 2025)
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Vol. 164. Issue 12.
(June 2025)
Original article
Effectiveness and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in immunosuppressed systemic autoimmune disease patients: A prospective study
Eficacia e inmunogenicidad de la vacuna de refuerzo contra el SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos con enfermedad autoinmune sistémica: un estudio prospectivo
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Carolina Telesa,b,
Corresponding author
carolina.m.teles@outlook.com

Corresponding author.
, Ana Borgesa,b, Ana Magalhãesa,b, Cátia Barraa, Isabel Silvac, Patrícia Toméc, Jorge Crespoa, Artur Paivab,c,d, Lèlita Santosa,b
a Department of Internal Medicine, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
b Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
c Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
d Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients before receiving the SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine.
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Table 2. Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in the total sample and distributed by non-COVID and COVID status in the following 6 months.
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Table 3. Potential risk factors for COVID-19 in SARD patients under immunosuppression.
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) are a vulnerable population for severe COVID-19 and worse response to vaccination, prompting the need of a booster vaccine. Data regarding its response is limited and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and immunogenicity of the third dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in immunosuppressed SARD patients.

Materials and methods

We conducted a prospective study in immunosuppressed SARD Portuguese patients, who received a SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine, from October 2021 to August 2022. We evaluated COVID-19 incidence in the following 6 months, as well as vaccine immunogenicity through anti-Spike IgG titers and T-cell reactivity to the Spike protein.

Results

We included 131 patients with a mean age of 54.9±12.2 years. Almost 40% (n=52) developed COVID-19 within 6 months after the booster, but 51 (98.1%) were mild infections. Median post-booster antibody levels and antibody variation were 9540.7 (14,724) and 8937.9 (11,561.3)AU/mL, respectively, and 73.3% (n=96) of the patients showed post-booster T-cell reactivity. Antibody variation was significantly lower in the COVID group (p=0.015). Although post-booster antibody levels and T-cell reactivity were statistically significantly lower in the patients under biologic DMARD, there was not a significant increase in COVID-19 incidence.

Conclusions

This study shows that a booster vaccine elicits strong immunogenicity and reduces COVID-19 severity, highlighting its importance in immunosuppressed SARD patients. Larger and more homogeneous cohorts are needed to guide periodic booster administration in this susceptible population.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Autoimmune disease
Immunosuppression
Secondary immunization
Vaccine effectiveness
Immunogenicity
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

Los pacientes con enfermedad reumática autoinmune sistémica (ERAS) son una población vulnerable a la COVID-19 grave, y a una peor respuesta a la vacunación, necesitando de un refuerzo. Los datos sobre su respuesta son limitados e inconsistentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y la inmunogenicidad de la tercera dosis de la vacuna SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos con ERAS.

Materiales y métodos

Realizamos un estudio prospectivo en pacientes portugueses inmunodeprimidos con ERAS, que recibieron un refuerzo de la vacuna SARS-CoV-2, de octubre de 2021 a agosto de 2022. Evaluamos la incidencia de la COVID-19 en los 6 meses siguientes, y la inmunogenicidad mediante el nivel de IgG anti-Spike y la reactividad de las células T con la proteína Spike.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 131 pacientes, edad media de 54,9±12,2 años. Casi el 40% (n=52) desarrollaron COVID-19 en los 6 meses siguientes al refuerzo, pero 51 (98,1%) pacientes fueron infecciones leves. Los niveles medios y la variación posrefuerzo de anticuerpos fueron 9.540,7 (14.724) y 8.937,9 (1.1561,3) AU/ml, respectivamente, y el 73,3% (n=96) mostraron reactividad de células T. La variación de anticuerpos fue significativamente menor en el grupo COVID (p=0,015). Aunque los anticuerpos posrefuerzo y la reactividad de las células T fueron estadísticamente significativamente inferiores en los pacientes sometidos a bDMARD, no hubo un aumento significativo en la COVID-19.

Conclusiones

Este estudio muestra la fuerte inmunogenicidad y reducción de la gravedad de la COVID-19 por el refuerzo, destacando su importancia en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos con ERAS. Se necesitan cohortes más grandes y homogéneas para guiar la administración periódica de refuerzos en esta población susceptible.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Enfermedad autoinmune
Inmunosupresión
Inmunización secundaria
Eficacia vacunal
Inmunogenicidad

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