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Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) Cytokine analysis to evaluate severity in primary open-angle glaucoma and exfoli...
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Vol. 100. Issue 5.
Pages 235-302 (May 2025)
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Vol. 100. Issue 5.
Pages 235-302 (May 2025)
Original article

Cytokine analysis to evaluate severity in primary open-angle glaucoma and exfoliative glaucoma

Análisis de citoquinas para evaluar la severidad en el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto y el glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo
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L. Gallardo Martina, B. Burgos-Blascoa,b, B. Vidal-Villegasa, J.I. Fernandez-Vigoa,b, J. Garcia-Feijooa,b, J.M. Martinez-de-la-Casaa,b,
Corresponding author
jmmartinezcasa@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Purpose

To analyze cytokines in tear and aqueous humour as biomarkers for evaluation of severity of glaucoma.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Subjects and methods

Tear and aqueous humour samples were collected from 15 exfoliative glaucoma (XFG) patients, 43 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and 33 controls (eligible for cataract surgery).

A total of 27 inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in the tear and aqueous humor samples by the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex Immunoassay kit: interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, eotaxin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) basic, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, interferon gamma-induced protein, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a, MIP-1b, platelet-derived growth factor, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Results

In the tear samples a statistically significant difference in Il-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-12, IL-15 and FGF-basic between study groups was observed. In aqueous humor, a statistically significant difference of the following cytokines was observed: IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and MCP-1. Il-4 and IL-15 differences correlate with the number of topical drugs, while IL-9 and IL-15 are associated with the visual field mean defect.

Conclusion

Inflammation is strongly associated with glaucoma and some cytokines may be related to glaucoma severity.

Keywords:
Glaucoma
Cytokines
Severity
Inflammation
Tear
Aqueous humour
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar las citoquinas presentes en la lágrima y el humor acuoso como biomarcadores para evaluar la gravedad del glaucoma.

Diseño

Estudio transversal.

Sujetos y métodos

Se recogieron muestras de lágrima y humor acuoso de 15 pacientes con glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo (XFG), 43 pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto (GPAA) y 33 controles (candidatos a cirugía de cataratas).

Se analizaron 27 citoquinas inflamatorias en las muestras de lágrimas y humor acuoso mediante el kit Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex Immunoassay: interleuquina (IL)-1b, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, eotaxina, factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos (FGF) básico, factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos, factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos-monocitos, interferón-γ, proteína inducida por interferón gamma, proteína quimioatrayente de monocitos-1, proteína inflamatoria de macrófagos (MIP)-1a, MIP-1b, factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas, regulado en la activación de células T normales expresado y secretado, factor de necrosis tumoral-α y factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular.

Resultados

En las muestras de lágrimas se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-12, IL-15 y FGF-básico entre los grupos de estudio. En el humor acuoso, se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de las siguientes citocinas: IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 y MCP-1. Las diferencias de IL-4 e IL-15 se correlacionan con el número de fármacos tópicos, mientras que IL-9 e IL-15 se asocian con el defecto medio del campo visual.

Conclusiones

La inflamación está fuertemente relacionada con el glaucoma y algunas citoquinas pueden estar relacionadas con la gravedad del glaucoma.

Palabras clave:
Glaucoma
Citoquinas
Gravedad
Inflamación
Lágrima
Humor acuoso

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