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Inicio Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a postoperative patient: A case report
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Vol. 69. Issue 6.
Pages 364-367 (June - July 2022)
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Vol. 69. Issue 6.
Pages 364-367 (June - July 2022)
Case report
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a postoperative patient: A case report
Síndrome neuroléptico maligno en paciente postoperada: a propósito de un caso
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A. Fervienza
Corresponding author
afervienza@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. López-Baamonde, A. Jacas, G. Muñoz, C. Ibáñez, M.E. Del Rio
Anestesiología, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare medical emergency associated with the use of antipsychotics and other antidopaminergic drugs. There is no specific test, and diagnosis is based on high clinical suspicion and good differential diagnosis.

A clinical picture consistent with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered level of consciousness, together with signs of rhabdomyolysis in analytical studies and a history of taking neuroleptic drugs are the key elements in the detection of this entity.

Due to its low incidence and potential mortality, it is essential to publish case reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in order to raise awareness of this entity and facilitate diagnostic suspicion when encountering a patient with compatible symptoms.

The following is the case of a 79 year old patient with chronic alcohol consumption as the only history of interest, who was given a single dose of haloperidol after an episode of delirium in the postoperative period of conventional trauma surgery. She subsequently developed a picture of progressive deterioration of the level of consciousness, diaphoresis, generalized muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, together with severe metabolic acidosis, hyperlacticaemia, rhabdomyolysis, hypertransaminasemia and hypocalcemia. After ruling out other entities compatible with the clinical picture, neuroleptic malignant syndrome was given as the main diagnostic hypothesis. Diagnosis was confirmed after clinical and analytical improvement following treatment with dantrolene. The patient was discharged from hospital with no sequelae a few days after onset of the condition.

Keywords:
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Hyperthermia
Postoperative complications
Rhabdomyolysis
Resumen

El síndrome neuroléptico maligno es una emergencia médica poco frecuente asociada al uso de antipsicóticos y otros fármacos antidopaminérgicos. No se dispone de una prueba específica para su diagnóstico, basándose este en una alta sospecha clínica y la realización de un buen diagnóstico diferencial. Un cuadro clínico compatible, destacando la hipertermia, rigidez muscular, alteración del nivel de conciencia y signos de rabdomiolisis en los estudios analíticos, junto con el antecedente de la toma de fármacos neurolépticos, constituyen los elementos clave para la detección de esta entidad. Debido a su escasa incidencia y su potencial mortalidad, es primordial su conocimiento a través de series de casos descritos en la literatura para facilitar su sospecha diagnóstica ante un caso clínico compatible. A continuación, exponemos un caso de una paciente de 79 años con consumo crónico de alcohol como único antecedente de interés, que recibió una dosis única de haloperidol tras un cuadro de delirio en el contexto de un postoperatorio convencional de traumatología. Posteriormente, desarrolló un cuadro de deterioro progresivo del nivel de conciencia, diaforesis, rigidez muscular generalizada, hipertermia, junto a acidosis metabólica severa, hiperlactacidemia, rabdomiolisis, hipertransaminasemia e hipocalcemia. Tras excluir otras entidades compatibles con la clínica, el síndrome neuroléptico maligno se postuló como la principal hipótesis diagnóstica, reforzándose el diagnóstico tras la mejoría clínica y analítica evidente posterior al inicio del tratamiento con dantrolene. La paciente pudo, finalmente, ser dada de alta escasos días después del inicio del cuadro sin presentar secuelas.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome neuroléptico maligno
Hipertermia
Complicaciones postoperatorias
Rabdomiolisis

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