Perfil de consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Factores protectores

Resumen

Objetivo

Determinar el patrón de consumo de tóxicos y analizar el papel de factores protectores personales y sociales sobre el consumo de alcohol.

Material y métodos

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 5 institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca capital (2015-2016). Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente los grupos (3.° y 4.° de ESO y 1.° y 2.° de bachillerato) y dieron su consentimiento 844 estudiantes. Se empleó un cuestionario autoadministrado con variables sociodemográficas, datos de consumo de sustancias y las escalas CD-RISC 10 para evaluar resiliencia y KIDSCREEN-52 para medir aspectos individuales y sociales asociados con la calidad de vida de los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos bivariados y multivariantes.

Resultados

Un 55,7% fueron chicas, la edad media fue de 16,36 ± 1,05 años. El inicio se situó entre los 13-14 años, los porcentajes de consumo habitual fueron 70,9% para alcohol, 26,4% para tabaco y 14,2% para cannabis (cifras inferiores al consumo experimental). Se detectó policonsumo (35%). La regresión mostró que los no consumidores de alcohol presentaban mejores cifras de estado de ánimo, autopercepción, relación con los padres y entorno escolar.

Conclusiones

El inicio en el consumo de drogas es cada vez más temprano, especialmente en el cannabis. La disponibilidad y la baja percepción del riesgo hacen del alcohol la droga más extendida. Las acciones encaminadas a favorecer el bienestar emocional y el apoyo familiar proporcionan seguridad a los adolescentes y recursos para resistir las presiones del grupo.

Abstract

Objective

To determine the patterns of drug use in an adolescent population and to analyse the role of personal and social protective factors in alcohol consumption.

Material and methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in five secondary schools in the city of Cuenca (Spain) in the period 2015-2016. The groups were randomly selected (3 rd - 4 th GCSE and 1 st - 2 nd GCE), with a total of 844 students giving their consent. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included sociodemographic variables, consumption data, CD-RISC 10 scale to evaluate resilience, and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure individual and social aspects associated with health-related quality of life in adolescents. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

Just over half (55.7%) of the pupils selected were girls, and the mean age was 16.3 ± 1.01 years. The pupils began consumption when they became 13-14 years old. The percentages of habitual consumption were 70.9% for alcohol, 26.4% for tobacco, and 14.2% for cannabis. Multiple drug use was also found in 35%. The regression model for alcohol showed that non-consumers showed better values in emotional moods, self-perception, relationships with their parents, and their school environment.

Conclusions

Adolescents start using drugs, especially cannabis, at an earlier age. Availability and the perception of low-risk make alcohol the most widespread drug. Actions aimed at fostering emotional well-being and family support provides security for adolescents, as well as the resources that help them overcome the pressures of the group.