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Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Risk of venous thromboembolism in the transgender population on hormone therapy:...
Journal Information
Vol. 164. Issue 12.
(June 2025)
Systematic review
Risk of venous thromboembolism in the transgender population on hormone therapy: A systematic review
Riesgo de tromboembolia venosa en población transgénero en terapia hormonal: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Anabel Franco-Morenoa,b,
Corresponding author
, Pablo Ryana,c, Nuria Muñoz-Rivasa,b, Jorge Valenciaa,c, Juan Torres-Machoa, Susana Bacete-Cebriánd
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad de Tromboembolismo Venoso, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, Madrid, Spain
c CiberINFEC, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Endocrinología, Unidad de Identidad de Género, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Hormone therapies available for transgender population.
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Table 2. Characteristics of studies that include transgender women.
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Table 3. Characteristics of studies involving transgender men.
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Table 4. Quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Score.
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Abstract
Background and objective

Hormone therapy is associated with an increased thrombotic risk. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the incidence of venous thromboembolism in the transgender population undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy and compare it with that in cisgender individuals of the same sex assigned at birth.

Materials and method

A literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and EMBASE, encompassing all studies that report data related to the incidence of venous thromboembolism in transgender individuals on hormone therapy.

Results

Twenty-one studies were included. Five studies assessed the incidence of thromboembolic events in both populations. The occurrence of thrombosis was higher in transgender women than cisgender men (OR 2.23; 95% CI: 1.93–2.57; p<0.001). No differences between transgender men and cisgender women (OR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.87–2.31; p=0.60) were found.

Conclusion

Our systematic review suggests that hormone therapy in transgender women may increase the risk of venous thromboembolism.

Keywords:
Gender identity
Transgender medicine
Systematic review
Sex assigned at birth
Gender-affirming hormone therapy
Transsexuality
Venous thromboembolism
Resumen
Fundamento y objetivo

La terapia hormonal está asociada con un aumento del riesgo trombótico. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es conocer la incidencia de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en población transgénero en terapia hormonal de afirmación de género y compararla con personas cisgénero del mismo sexo asignado al nacer.

Material y método

Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus y EMBASE, incluyendo todos los estudios que reportan datos relacionados con la incidencia de tromboembolia venosa en personas transgénero en terapia hormonal.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 21 estudios. Las mujeres transgénero presentaron una tasa más elevada de fenómenos trombóticos que los hombres cisgénero (OR 2,23; IC 95%: 1,93–2,57; p<0,001). No se encontraron diferencias entre hombres transgénero y mujeres cisgénero (OR 0,96; IC 95%: 0,87–2,31; p=0,60).

Conclusión

Nuestra revisión sistemática sugiere que la terapia hormonal en mujeres transgénero podría aumentar el riesgo de tromboembolia venosa.

Palabras clave:
Identidad de género
Medicina transgénero
Revisión sistemática
Sexo asignado al nacer
Terapia hormonal de afirmación de género
Transexualidad
Tromboembolia venosa

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