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Vol. 144. Issue 8.
Pages 370-375 (April 2015)
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Vol. 144. Issue 8.
Pages 370-375 (April 2015)
Review
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad
Visits
85
Ruth Cunilla,
Corresponding author
, Xavier Castellsb
a Unitat d’Hospitalització Psiquiàtrica Penitenciària, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
b Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Universitat de Girona, Grupo de investigación TransLab, Girona, Spain
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Table 1. Comparison of the characteristics of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V and the International Classification of Diseases version 10 for the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Table 2. Characteristics of the medication authorised for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Spain.
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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders and can persist into the adulthood. ADHD has important social, academic and occupational consequences. ADHD diagnosis is based on the fulfilment of several clinical criteria, which can vary depending on the diagnostic system used. The clinical presentation can show great between-patient variability and it has been related to a dysfunction in the fronto-striatal and meso-limbic circuits. Recent investigations support a model in which multiple genetic and environmental factors interact to create a neurobiological susceptibility to develop the disorder. However, no clear causal association has yet been identified. Although multimodal treatment including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is usually recommended, no convincing evidence exists to support this recommendation. Pharmacological treatment has fundamentally shown to improve ADHD symptoms in the short term, while efficacy data for psychosocial interventions are scarce and inconsistent. Yet, drug treatment is increasingly popular and the last 2 decades have witnessed a sharp increase in the prescription of anti-ADHD medications coinciding with the marketing of new drugs to treat ADHD.

Keywords:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Diagnosis
Neurobiology
Pharmacological treatment
Psychosocial treatment
Review
Resumen

El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es una de las enfermedades psiquiátricas más frecuentes en la infancia y puede persistir durante la edad adulta. El TDAH presenta importantes consecuencias en el funcionamiento social, académico y ocupacional. El diagnóstico es clínico y se basa en el cumplimiento de unos criterios que pueden variar en función de la clasificación diagnóstica que se utilice. Las manifestaciones clínicas del trastorno presentan una gran variabilidad entre pacientes y se han relacionado principalmente con alteraciones en los circuitos frontoestriatales y mesolímbicos. La interacción de múltiples factores genéticos y ambientales parece que podría generar una vulnerabilidad a desarrollar el trastorno, aunque no se ha establecido todavía una asociación causal clara con ninguno de ellos. Aunque el tratamiento habitualmente recomendado incluye la combinación de tratamiento farmacológico y psicosocial, las pruebas de eficacia del primero se limitan mayoritariamente a una mejora sintomática a corto plazo, mientras que las del segundo son poco claras. Aun así, el tratamiento farmacológico ha aumentado exponencialmente durante las 2 últimas décadas, coincidiendo con la comercialización de nuevos medicamentos.

Palabras clave:
Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad
Diagnóstico
Neurobiología
Tratamiento farmacológico
Tratamiento psicosocial
Revisión

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