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Vol. 53. Núm. 7.
Páginas 458-466 (Agosto 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. 7.
Páginas 458-466 (Agosto 2006)
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Tratamiento terapéutico del carcinoma de la corteza suprarrenal
Therapeutic management of adrenocortical carcinoma
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Ramón Albero
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ralbero@salud.aragon.es

Correspondencia: Dr. R. Albero. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet. Paseo de Isabel la Católica, 1-3. 50009 Zaragoza. España.
, Alejandro Sanz, Pablo Trincado, Marta Monreal
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet. Zaragoza. España
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Endocrinol Nutr. 2006;53:48810.1016/S1575-0922(06)71143-3
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El carcinoma de la corteza suprarrenal (CCS) presenta una incidencia baja, del orden de 1-2 casos por millón y año, con un pronóstico muy malo y una supervivencia corta. El diagnóstico debe realizarse por los datos clínicos, bioquímicos y morfológicos. El cuadro clínico puede ser bastante anodino, aunque en ocasiones hay hiperproducción hormonal. La tomografía computarizada (TC) y la resonancia magnética (RM) son similares en sus rendimientos diagnósticos y la tomografía por emission de positrones (PET) sirve fundamentalmente para la localización de metástasis. Son tumores de gran tamaño y el estudio anatomopatológico presenta dificultades diagnósticas. Se emplea para su estadificación el sistema TNM. Debido a su baja frecuencia, no existen estudios prospectivos amplios y las publicaciones son de casos aislados o series pequeñas. El único tratamiento curativo del proceso es la cirugía, y se evita la vía laparoscópica para no trocear el tumor ni perforar la cápsula. La exéresis debe ser lo más completa posible e incluir órganos adyacentes, si están afectados, ganglios y metástasis, y en caso de recidiva está indicada la reoperación. Si la resección tumoral no puede eliminar más del 90% del tumor o es imposible eliminar las metástasis, no está indicada la cirugía. Si hay tumor residual, se puede emplear la radioterapia sobre el lecho tumoral. Además, como coadyuvante de la cirugía y la radioterapia, se aplica tratamiento médico con los objetivos de control del crecimiento tumoral y de cualquier hiperproducción hormonal. El más empleado es el mitotano, cuyo mecanismo de acción es su efecto adrenolítico y la disminución de la síntesis de cortisol por bloqueo de la 11-betahidroxilasa, pero tiene muchos efectos secundarios y su eficacia clínica es controvertida. Además, se puede asociar a quimioterapia; el “protocolo italiano”, que combina mitotano, etopósido, doxorubicina y cisplatino, es el que mejores resultados ha obtenido. Existen otros fármacos que se puede emplear para la inhibición de la esteroidogénesis, como ketoconazol, metopirona, etomidato y aminoglutetimida. A pesar de todas estas diferentes posibilidades terapéuticas, el pronóstico sigue siendo malo, por lo que se está investigando con nuevos fármacos dirigidos a interferir en diferentes puntos de la bioquímica del tumor, pero por el momento son posibilidades teóricas, sin aplicación clínica.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma de la corteza suprarrenal
Cirugía en el carcinoma de la corteza suprarrenal
Mitotano
Inhibidores de la esteroidogénesis

The incidence of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is low, approximately 1 or 2 cases/million persons per year. Prognosis is extremely poor and survival is short. Diagnosis should be based on clinical,biochemical, and morphological data. Clinical findings may be fairly innocuous, although hormone overproduction is sometimes found. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have similar diagnostic yields while positron emission tomography is useful for detecting metastases. ACC are large tumors and pathological study presents diagnostic difficulties. The TNM system is used for staging. Because of the low frequency of these tumors, large, prospective studies are lacking, and published reports consist of isolated cases or small series.

The only curative treatment is surgery. The laparoscopic approach is avoided to preserve the integrity of the tumor and prevent rupture of the capsule. Resection should be as complete as possible, including adjacent organs, if affected, nodes, and metastases. Reoperation is indicated in recurrences. Surgery is not indicated if tumoral resection cannot remove > 90% of the tumor or if metastases cannot be eliminated. If there is residual tumor, radiotherapy can be used on the tumoral bed. Moreover, medical treatment is used as coadjuvant to surgery and radiotherapy with the aim of controlling tumoral growth and any hormonal overproduction. The most frequently used medical treatment is mitotane therapy, whose mechanism of action works through its adrenolytic effect and reduction of cortisol synthesis due to 11-beta-hydroxylase blockade. However, this drug has multiple secondary effects and its clinical effectiveness is controversial. Chemotherapy can also be associated and the best results have been obtained with the “Italian protocol”, which combines mitotane, etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Other drugs can be used to inhibit steroidogenesis, such as ketoconazole, metopirone, etomidate, and aminoglutethimide. Despite these distinct therapeutic possibilities, the prognosis of patients with this tumor remains extremely poor. Consequently, new drugs aimed at influencing distinct aspects of the biochemistry of ACC are being investigated. However, these drugs currently represent a theoretical possibility, without clinical application.

Key words:
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Surgery in adrenocortical carcinoma
Mitotane
Steroidogenesis inhibitors
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