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Vol. 51. Núm. 9.
Páginas 506-511 (Noviembre 2004)
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Vol. 51. Núm. 9.
Páginas 506-511 (Noviembre 2004)
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Síndrome del ovario poliquístico: nuevas perspectivas
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: New Approaches
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F. Pazos*, A. Rodríguez-Caballero
Sección de Endocrinología. Hospital Valdecilla. Santander. Cantabria. España
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent disorder in young women and is the most common cause of female infertility due to anovulation. According to the revised 2003 consensus, this disorder can be diagnosed by the presence of two out of three characteristic features: oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism (clinical and/or biochemical) and polycystic ovaries. This disorder is also associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and, possibly, cardiovascular disease. These associations are most likely due to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with insulin resistance as a fundamental feature in most affected women. These metabolic comorbidities have several clinical implications. First, obese women with PCOS should be assessed for metabolic syndrome (serum glucose, lipids, blood pressure and abdominal obesity), including glucose tolerance (i.e. a serum glucose 2 hours after ingestion of a 75 g glucose load). No consensus has been reached on the utility of these test in nonobese women with PCOS. Second, longterm treatment of PCOS should focus not only on traditional outcome (regularization of menses or improvement of hirsutism) but should also attempt to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Finally, insulinsensitizing drugs should be used as adjuvants to general lifestyle improvements (improved diet and increased exercise) to prevent these risks.

Key words:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Insulin-resistance
Cardiovascular disease
Type 2 diabetes mellitus

El síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP) es un trastorno muy prevalente, en mujeres jóvenes, que se presume como la causa más frecuente de infertilidad por anovulación. Un nuevo consenso en 2003 ha establecido como diagnóstico la presencia de 2 de los 3 criterios que caracterizan este síndrome: oligo/anovulación, hiperandrogenismo clínico y/o bioquímico, y ovario poliquístico. Pero este síndrome también está asociado con un aumento en el riesgo de presentar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y, posiblemente, enfermedad cardiovascular. En un gran porcentaje de mujeres con SOP se identifican una serie de alteraciones metabólicas o síndrome metabólico en cuya base se encuentra la resistencia a insulina. Este síndrome metabólico asociado a SOP modifica profundamente nuestro enfoque clínico y terapéutico. En primer lugar, un cribado de síndrome metabólico (glucemia basal, perfil lipídico, presión arterial y obesidad abdominal) y prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa, se recomienda en todas las mujeres con SOP y obesidad, si bien la utilidad de estos estudios no está bien determinada en el normopeso. En segundo lugar, aparte del tratamiento del hirsutismo y de la alteración menstrual, los objetivos de tratamiento se deben centrar en la prevención de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y posiblemente la enfermedad cardiovascular. Finalmente, en el objetivo de la prevención de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la modificación de hábitos dietéticos y ejercicio físico son el pilar del tratamiento, y actualmente los fármacos hipoglucemiantes que aumentan la sensibilidad a insulina tienen un papel adyuvante.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome del ovario poliquístico
Resistencia a la insulina
Enfermedad cadiovascular
Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
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