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Vol. 53. Núm. 6.
Páginas 399-404 (Junio 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. 6.
Páginas 399-404 (Junio 2006)
A debate: tratamiento con 131I en el microcarcinoma de tiroides
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Microcarcinoma diferenciado de tiroides y carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo: objeciones al tratamiento ablativo con radioyodo
Differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma and differentiated low-risk carcinoma: objections to radioiodine ablation therapy
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Franco Sánchez Franco
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España
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Entre los puntos controvertidos del tratamiento del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) está la indicación de tratamiento ablativo con radioyodo en microcarcinoma y en carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo. La controversia debe fundamentarse en definiciones precisas de microcarcinoma papilar, microcarcinoma folicular y carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo que quedan aquí definidos. Aunque un 2,8% de los microcarcinomas, según criterio de tamaño, pueda manifestarse con metástasis a distancia iniciales, el mayor número se produce en condiciones predictivas de bajo riesgo: monofocal y unilateral, sin extensión extratiroidea, invasión ni metástasis, encapsulado. Cuando el tumor tenga esas propiedades y no haya historia de radioterapia ionizante previa en cuello, se recomienda la hemitiroidectomía. En el resto de los tumores, se recomienda la tiroidectomía intencionalmente total, que determina menor frecuencia de recurrencia y metástasis que la lobectomía, aunque no menor mortalidad. Con tiroidectomía total y factores predictivos de bajo riesgo, no se recomendaría el tratamiento ablativo con yodo-131 y su seguimiento se realizaría con ecografía de cuello y tiroglobulina (Tg) circulante con autoanticuerpos anti-Tg negativos. El tratamiento ablativo se justificaría sólo para establecer control más preciso evolutivo referido a persistencia o recurrencia de enfermedad.

El tratamiento con radioyodo del microcarcinoma y del CDT de bajo riesgo no tiene evidencia científica de que disminuya la mortalidad específica por el tumor, ni la recurrencia locorregional. Puede aumentar el riesgo de segundos tumores primarios, particularmente de leucemias y producir algunos efectos secundarios leves en gonadas, retraso de planificación de fertilidad, leve disfunción transitoria de glándulas salivares y lagrimales y leves trastornos hematológicos transitorios. El tratamiento posquirúrgico con radioyodo de microcarcinoma y CDT de bajo riesgo debe ser selectivo para pacientes con factores predictivos de alto riesgo.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma de tiroides
Microcarcinoma
Tiroidectomía
Radioyodo

Among the controversial issues in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is the indication for radioiodine ablation therapy in microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The controversy should be based on precise definitions of papillary microcarcinoma, follicular microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated carcinoma, which we define in the present article. When the criterion of size alone is applied, 2.8% of microcarcinomas can manifest with initial distant metastases. However, most are included within the group of low-risk microcarcinomas: monofocal and unilateral, without extrathyroidal extension, invasion, metastases or encapsulation. When tumors have these characteristics and there is no history of ionizing radiotherapy in the neck, hemithyroidectomy is recommended.

In the remaining tumors, total thyroidectomy is recommended, which shows a lower rate of recurrences and metastases than lobectomy, although mortality is not reduced. With total thyroidectomy and predictive factors for low risk, 131I ablation therapy is not recommended, and follow-up should include neck ultrasonography and evaluation of circulating Tg with negative anti-Tg antibodies. Ablation therapy is only useful to achieve closer monitoring of disease persistence or recurrence.

There is no scientific evidence that radioiodine therapy of microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma reduces mortality due to the tumor or locoregional recurrence. It may increase the risk of second primary tumors, particularly leukemias, and produce mild secondary effects in the gonads, delayed fertility planning, mild transitory dysfunction of the salivary and tear glands and transitory hematological abnormalities.

Postsurgical radioiodine therapy of microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma should be restricted to patients with factors predicting high risk.

Key words:
Thyroid carcinoma
Microcarcinoma
Thyroidectomy
Radioiodine
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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