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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo Oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea veno-venosa en el manejo de hipoxemia s...
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Vol. 15. Núm. 2.
Páginas 71-152 (Abril - Junio 2015)
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Vol. 15. Núm. 2.
Páginas 71-152 (Abril - Junio 2015)
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Oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea veno-venosa en el manejo de hipoxemia severa refractaria: indicaciones y propuesta de un protocolo de ingreso

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of severe refractory hypoxemia: indications and proposal for an admission protocol
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Ricardo Ardila Castellanosa,
Autor para correspondencia
ricardoardilac@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Rodrigo Díazb, Victoria García Velásquezc, Francisco Naranjod, Guillermo Ortize, Camilo Pizarrof, Luis Horacio Atehortuag, Leonardo Salazarh,i
a Medicina Crítica, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Bucaramanga, Colombia
b Anestesiología Cardiovascular, Grupo ECMO, Clínica las Condes, Chile
c Medicina Intensiva, Clínica FOSCAL, Bucaramanga, Colombia
d UCI adultos, Clínica FOSCAL, Bucaramanga, Colombia
e UCI Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá DC, Colombia
f UCI adultos, FCV, Bucaramanga, Colombia
g UCI, Hospital San Vicente de Paul, Medellín, Colombia
h Grupo ECMO, Asistencia ventricular, FCV, Bucaramanga, Colombia
i Comité de Educación ELSO Latinoamérica
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Resumen

El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) es un desorden inflamatorio del parénquima pulmonar, resultante en alteración del intercambio gaseoso con hipoxemia en grado variable y falla respiratoria. Desde su descripción inicial, no hay cambios significativos en la mortalidad, desde un 44% entre 1994 y 2006 para estudios observacionales, hasta 36,2% para ensayos clínicos; con mejoría en la última década debido a ensayos clínicos que recomiendan estrategias farmacológicas y ventilatorias, con resultados difíciles de igualar en la práctica. El manejo ventilatorio en los pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda es un determinante crítico en los resultados; con una alta incidencia de injuria pulmonar asociada al ventilador como causa de perpetuación de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y riesgo de muerte por disfunción orgánica múltiple; llevando al paciente al punto en el que solo algunas estrategias de rescate como el ECMO han sido recomendadas. Las guías de manejo de la organización de soporte vital extracorpóreo (ELSO), recomiendan el uso de ECMO-VV en pacientes adultos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda de cualquier causa cuando el riesgo de mortalidad es del 50% o mayor, y está indicado cuando el riesgo de muerte es del 80% o mayor; sin embargo, no hay claridad en el momento adecuado antes de este punto crítico, en el cual el paciente debe ser ingresado en un programa de ECMO. En la siguiente revisión, proponemos un protocolo para el ingreso temprano de pacientes a ECMO, basado en la probabilidad de muerte y en la revisión del manejo actual de los pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria Aguda
Hipoxemia refractaria
Injuria pulmonar
Oxigenación con Membrana Extracorpórea
Mortalidad
Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory disorder of the lung, causing impaired gas exchange, with hypoxemia and respiratory failure. ARDS mortality has not changed significantly a decade after its initial description (1994 -2006). This figure fluctuated around 40% in clinical trials and observational studies. In spite of new interventions with compelling evidence of improvements with protective ventilation, use of neuromuscular-blocking drugs, and the prone position, refractory hypoxemia is still a high mortality condition. Ventilatory management in ARDS patients is a critical determinant of outcome. Ventilator-associated lung injury is a major cause of perpetuation of the systemic inflammatory response, lung fibrosis, and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). Patients with refractory hypoxemia, despite protective mechanical ventilation are in serious risk of death. extracorporeal membrane oxigenation (ECMO) has been proposed as a rescue therapy in this situation. The extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) Guidelines recommend that ECMO should be considered in acute respiratory failure from any cause when the risk of mortality is 50% or higher. ELSO guidelines suggest that ECMO must be indicated when the risk death is 80% or greater. However, it is not clear which therapies should be indicated before ECMO, and for how long the patient must kept on these therapies before going on ECMO. In the following review, a protocol for early admission of patients to ECMO is proposed, based on the probability of death and the review of the current management of patients with ARDS.

Keywords:
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Refractory hypoxemia
Lung injury
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxigenation
Mortality

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