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Vacunas (English Edition) Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting...
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Vol. 26. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
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Vol. 26. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
Original article
Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting Pol, Gag, and Env proteins: In silico technique
Diseño de una nueva vacuna de subunidad multiepitópica para combatir el virus AIE, dirigida a las proteínas Pol, Gag y Env: técnica in silico
M. Rahiyab, I. Ul Haq, S.S. Ali, Z. Hussain, S. Ali, I. Khan, A. Iqbal
Corresponding author
arshad.iqbal@uswat.edu.pk

Corresponding author.
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora 19200, KPK, Pakistan
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Shortlisted CTL epitopes. Every epitope is chosen based on its score.
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Table 2. Shortlisted HTL epitopes. Every epitope is chosen based on its percentile rank.
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Table 3. Predicted linear B-cell epitopes listed with corresponding scores.
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Table 4. Discontinuous B-cell epitopes with score.
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Additional material (1)
Abstract
Background

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, a member of the Retroviridae, that affects horses and is distributed nearly everywhere in the world. It results in a chronic infection followed by recurrent fever episodes linked to viremia, thrombocytopenia, and symptoms of atrophy. An alternate way of preventing this disease is vaccination or immunization.

Materials and methods

Numerous immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to determine potential epitopes (CTL, HTL, and B-cells) from the three structural proteins (polyprotein, gag, and envelope).

Results

Based on the prior research, the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was added to the vaccine, including several linkers for connecting epitopes. After designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV), the structure was validated by exploiting the ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and the ProSa-web. The validated structure was docked with TLR3 and TLR8. The structure of the vaccine was submitted to GROMAX for the MD simulation. The results indicated stability and proper folding. Using a codon optimization technique, the vaccine's GC contents and CAI values were 50.84% and 0.99, respectively. The pET28a (+) vector demonstrated an appropriate expression of the vaccine. Finally, in immune simulation, TC and TH-cell populations, including high concentrations of IgG + IgM and IgG1 + IgG2 immunoglobulins, and different cytokines (e.g., IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) are consistent with natural immunity and also show quicker antigen elimination.

Conclusion

This new research will be helpful for upcoming experimental evaluations to validate the safety and antigenic potency of the constructed vaccine and, eventually, to treat diseases linked to the EIA virus.

Keywords:
EIAV
Epitopes
MESV
Polyprotein
Gag
Envelope
Docking
MD simulation
Immune simulation
Resumen
Antecedentes

El virus de anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) es un lentivirus, miembro de la familia Retroviridae, que afecta a los caballos y se distribuye casi en cualquier lugar del mundo. Causa una infección crónica, seguida de episodios recurrentes de fiebre vinculados a viremia, trombocitopenia y síntomas de atrofia. La vacunación o inmunización son formas alternativas de prevenir esta enfermedad.

Materiales y métodos

Se aplicaron numerosos algoritmos inmunoinformáticos para determinar los epítopos potenciales (CTL, HTL y células B) de tres proteínas estructurales (Pol, Gag y Env).

Resultados

Sobre la base de una investigación previa, se añadió a la vacuna la proteína L7/L12 de la subunidad ribosómica 50S de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, incluyendo diversos enlazadores para conectar los epítopos. Tras diseñar una vacuna de subunidad multiepitópica (MESV), se validó la estructura valiéndonos de ERRAT, el gráfico Ramachandran y ProSa-web. Se acopló la estructura validada a TLR3 y TLR8. Se sometió a GROMAX la estructura de la vacuna para simulación MD. Los resultados indicaron estabilidad, y plegamiento adecuado. Utilizando una técnica de optimización de codón, el contenido de GC de la vacuna y los valores CAI fueron de 50,84% y 0,99, respectivamente. El vector pET28a (+) demostró la expresión adecuada de la vacuna. Por último, en la simulación inmunitaria, las poblaciones de TC y células TH, incluyendo las altas concentraciones de inmunoglobulinas IgG + IgM e IgG1 + IgG2, y de diferentes citocinas (ej.: IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) son consistentes con la inmunidad natural y también muestran una eliminación de antígenos más rápida.

Conclusión

Esta nueva investigación será útil para las evaluaciones experimentales venideras, a fin de validar la seguridad y la potencia antigénica de la vacuna construida y, eventualmente, tratar las enfermedades vinculadas al virus AIE.

Palabras clave:
Virus AIE
Epítopos
MESV
Pol
Gag
Env
Acoplamiento
Simulación MD
Simulación inmunitaria

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