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Vol. 47. Issue 5.
Pages 362-374 (January 2003)
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Vol. 47. Issue 5.
Pages 362-374 (January 2003)
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Células madre e ingeniería tisular ósea. Bases celulares y perspectivas terapéuticas
Stem cells and bone tissue engineering
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8664
E. Gueradoa,b,
Corresponding author
eguerado@hcs.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología Hospital Costa del Sol Carretera Cádiz-Málaga km 187 29600 Marbella. Málaga
, A. Díaz-Martína, M.P. Arrabalc, M. Cifuentesc, J.A. Andradesc, J. Becerrac
a Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital Costa del Sol
b Departamento de Cirugía. Universidad de Málaga
c Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología. Universidad de Málaga
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Los avances en el conocimiento de las proteínas morfogenéticas de hueso (BMP) han propiciado su utilización directa en las reparaciones óseas, planteando la falta de control sobre el tiempo que estas proteínas permanecen en la lesión, la actividad real de las mismas y la imprescindible necesidad de células osteogénicas en el lugar de aplicación, efectores últimos de la acción inductora. Por lo tanto, cuando la falta de células sea el problema fundamental, la aplicación directa de factores osteoinductores, aun cuando en otras circunstancias puedan ser más útiles, no producirá los resultados esperados, siendo el aporte de células osteoprogenitoras la línea de actuación más apropiada, bien directamente o a través de un material transportador osteoconductor, sin descartar la posibilidad de inyección sistémica. Entre las aplicaciones directas a la cirugía ortopédica de esta ingeniería tisular, está la consecución de artrodesis del raquis como tratamiento de inestabilidades de origen diverso. Los problemas actuales se centran en el fracaso de la fusión y en la morbilidad de la zona donante de autoinjerto. En las artroplastias la ingeniería tisular muestra también un campo de aplicación inmediato, si bien antes es necesario solucionar los problemas relativos a la estabilidad primaria. En cualquier caso, la validez de las conclusiones de la ingeniería tisular pasará por su verificación en modelos clínicos humanos con diseños epidemiológicos prospectivos metodológicamente correctos. Los problemas éticos y legales serán, en fin, los condicionantes fundamentales para la generalización de la ingeniería tisular como propuesta terapéutica. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión conceptual de estos problemas.

Palabras clave:
reparación ósea
factores de crecimiento
células madre mesenquimatosas
ingeniería tisular
artroplastia
artrodesis espinal

Advances in the knowledge of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have made it possible to use them in bone repair. This highlights our lack of knowledge about the time that these proteins remain in the lesion, their true activity, and the clear need for osteogenic cells in the application site as the ultimate effectors of inductor action. Consequently, when a lack of cells is the fundamental problem, direct application of osteoinductor factors, even when they may be more useful in other circunstances, will not produce the expected results. Supplying osteogenic stem cells is the most appropriate approach, either directly or using osteoconductor transport materials, without excluding the possibility of systemic injections. Among the direct applications to orthopedic surgery of tissue engineering is the achievement of spinal fusion as a treatment for different types of instability. Current problems center on the failure of fusion and the morbidity of the autograft donor zone. In arthroplasties, tissue engineering also shows potential for immediate applications, although problems relative to primary stability must first be solved. In any case, the validity of the conclusions of tissue engineering will have to be verified in human clinical models using methodologically correct prospective epidemiological designs. Ethical and legal problems will finally determine is tissue engineering becomes generalized as a therapeutic proposal. These problems are conceptually reviewed in this study.

Key words:
bone repair
growth factors
mesenchymal stem cells
tissue engineering
arthroplasty
spinal fusion
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