Article information
Abstract
ECMO is an extracorporeal cardiorespiratory support system whose use has been increased in the last decade. Respiratory failure, postcardiotomy shock, and lung or heart primary graft failure may require the use of cardiorespiratory mechanical assistance. In this scenario perioperative medical and surgical management is crucial.
Despite the evolution of technology in the area of extracorporeal support, morbidity and mortality of these patients continues to be high, and therefore the indication as well as the ECMO removal should be established within a multidisciplinary team with expertise in the area.
This consensus document aims to unify medical knowledge and provides recommendations based on both the recent bibliography and the main national ECMO implantation centres experience with the goal of improving comprehensive patient care.
Keywords:
ECMO
Perioperative
Respiratory failure
Cardiogenic shock
Transplantation
Complications
Resumen
La ECMO es un sistema extracorpóreo de asistencia cardiorrespiratoria cuya utilización se ha visto incrementada en la última década. La insuficiencia respiratoria, el shock postcardiotomía y el fallo primario del injerto cardiaco o pulmonar son complicaciones que pueden requerir la utilización de asistencia mecánica cardiorrespiratoria y en este escenario el conocimiento de las peculiaridades perioperatorias médicas y quirúrgicas es fundamental.
A pesar de la evolución tecnológica en el área de la asistencia extracorpórea la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes continúa siendo elevada, por lo tanto, la decisión del implante de la ECMO como la de su retirada debe establecerse dentro de un equipo multidisciplinar experto en el área.
El presente documento de consenso pretende unificar conocimientos y aportar recomendaciones basadas tanto en la bibliografía reciente como en la experiencia de los principales centros nacionales implantadores de ECMO con el objetivo final de mejorar la atención integral al paciente.
Palabras clave:
ECMO
Perioperatorio
Insuficiencia respiratoria
Shock cardiogénico
Trasplante
Complicaciones
Article
These are the options to access the full texts of the publication Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition)
Subscriber
Purchase
Contact
Phone for subscriptions and reporting of errors
From Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (GMT + 1) except for the months of July and August which will be from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Calls from Spain
932 415 960
Calls from outside Spain
+34 932 415 960
E-mail
References
[1]
P.M. Eckman, J.N. Katz, A. El Banayosy, E.A. Bohula, B. Sun, S. van Diepen.
Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: an introduction for the busy clinician.
Circulation, 140 (2019), pp. 2019-2037
[2]
A. Zangrillo, G. Landoni, G. Biondi-Zoccai, M. Greco, T. Greco, G. Frati, et al.
A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Crit Care Resusc, 15 (2013), pp. 172-178
[3]
S. Vaquer, C. de Haro, P. Peruga, J.C. Oliva, A. Artigas.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of complications and mortality of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Ann Intensive care, 7 (2017), pp. 51
[4]
H. Takayama, L. Truby, M. Koekort, J.C. Oliva, A. Artigas.
Clinical outcome of mechanical circulatory support for refractory cardiogenic shock in the current era.
J Heart Lung Transplantation, 32 (2013), pp. 106-111
[5]
J. Batra, N. Toyoda, Ab Goldstone, S. Itagaki, N.N. Egorova, J. Chikwe.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in New York State: trends, outcomes, and implications for patient selection.
Circ Heart Fail, 9 (2016), pp. e003179
[6]
The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). Available from: https://www.elso.org/Home.aspx.
[7]
J. Kwak, M.B. Majewski, W.S. Jellish.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the new jack-of-all-trades?.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 34 (2020), pp. 192-207
[8]
R.P. Barbaro, F.O. Odetola, K.M. Kidwell, M.L. Paden, R.H. Bartlett, M.M. Davis, et al.
Association of hospital-level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality. Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 191 (2015), pp. 894-901
[9]
D. Abrams, A.R. Garan, A. Abdelbary, M. Bacchetta, R.H. Bartlett, J. Beck, et al.
Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults.
Intensive Care Med, 44 (2018), pp. 717-729
[10]
S. Shaefi, B. O’Gara, R.D. Kociol, K. Joynt, A. Mueller, J. Nizamuddin, et al.
Effect of cardiogenic shock hospital volume on mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock.
J Ame Heart Assoc, 4 (2015),
[11]
P.V. Mendes, C. de Albuquerque Gallo, B. Besen, A.S. Hirota, R. de Oliveira Nardi, E.V. Dos Santos, et al.
Transportation of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a tertiary medical center experience and systematic review of the literature.
Ann Intensive Care, 7 (2017), pp. 14
[12]
A. Kilic, B.N. Shukrallah, A. Kilic, B.A. Whitson.
Initiation and management of adult veno-arterial extracorporeal life support.
Ann Transl Med, 5 (2017), pp. 67
[13]
A.J. Rastan, A. Dege, M. Mohr, N. Doll, V. Falk, T. Walther, et al.
Early and late outcomes of 517 consecutive adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 139 (2010), pp. 302-311
[14]
A. Combes, D. Hajage, G. Capellier, A. Demoule, S. Lavoué, C. Guervilly, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
N Engl J Med, 378 (2018), pp. 1965-1975
[15]
A. Saxena, A.R. Garan, N.K. Kapur, W.W. O’Neill, J. Lindenfeld, S.P. Pinney, et al.
Value of hemodynamic monitoring in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing mechanical circulatory support.
Circulation, 141 (2020), pp. 1184-1197
[16]
A. Mebazaa, H. Tolppanen, C. Mueller, J. Lassus, S. DiSomma, G. Baksyte, et al.
Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock: a multidisciplinary practical guidance.
Intensive Care Med, 42 (2016), pp. 147-163
[17]
P. Ma, Z. Zhang, T. Song, Y. Yang, G. Meng, J. Zhao, et al.
Combining ECMO with IABP for the treatment of critically Ill adult heart failure patients.
Heart Lung Circ, 23 (2014), pp. 363-368
[18]
M.S. Link, L.C. Berkow, P.J. Kudenchuk, H.R. Halperin, E.P. Hess, V.K. Moitra, et al.
Part 7: Adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care.
Circulation, 132 (2015), pp. S444-S464
[19]
R. Tramm, D. Ilic, A.R. Davies, V.A. Pelegrino, L. Romero, C. Hodgson, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1 (2015),
[20]
S. van Diepen, J.N. Katz, N.M. Albert, T.D. Henry, A.K. Jacobs, N.K. Kapur, et al.
Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation, 136 (2017), pp. e232-e268
[21]
P. Dardas, N. Mezilis, V. Ninios, E.K. Theofilogiannakos, D. Tsikaderis, N. Tsotsolis, et al.
ECMO as a bridge to high-risk rotablation of heavily calcified coronary arteries.
Herz, 37 (2012), pp. 225-230
[22]
V. Scherrer, C. Lasgi, S. Hariri, B. Dureuil, A. Savouré, F. Tamion, et al.
Radiofrequency ablation under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for atrial tachycardia in postpartum.
J Card Surg, 27 (2012), pp. 647-649
[23]
Y. Asaumi, S. Yasuda, I. Morii, H. Kakuchi, Y. Otsuka, A. Kawamura, et al.
Favourable clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock due to fulminant myocarditis supported by percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Eur Heart J, 26 (2005), pp. 2185-2192
[24]
S.F. Marasco, M. Vale, V. Pellegrino, A. Preovolos, A. Leet, A. Kras, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in primary graft failure after heart transplantation.
Ann Thorac Surg, 90 (2010), pp. 1541-1546
[25]
C.A. Bermudez, P.S. Adusumilli, K.R. McCurry, D. Zaldonis, M.M. Crespo, J.M. Pilewski, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation: long-term survival.
Ann Thorac Surg, 87 (2009), pp. 854-860
[26]
R. Al-Bawardy, K. Rosenfield, J. Borges, M.N. Young, M. Albaghdadi, R. Rosovsky, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute massive pulmonary embolism: a case series and review of the literature.
Perfusion, 34 (2019), pp. 22-28
[27]
D.W. de Lange, M.A. Sikma, J. Meulenbelt.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of poisoned patients.
Clin Toxicol (Phila), 51 (2013), pp. 385-393
[28]
Organización Nacional de Trasplantes, Gobierno de España. PROTOCOLO NACIONAL DE DONACIÓN Y TRASPLANTE HEPÁ-TICO EN DONACIÓN EN ASISTOLIA CONTROLADA. Available from: http://www.ont.es/infesp/DocumentosDeConsenso/PROTOCOLO%20NACIONAL%20DE%20DONACIO%CC%81N%20Y%20TRASPLANTE%20HEPA%CC%81TICO%20EN%20DO.
[29]
J. Reeb, A. Olland, G. Massard, P.E. Falcoz.
Extracorporeal life support in thoracic surgery.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 53 (2018), pp. 489-494
[30]
P. Mazur, S. Kosinski, P. Podsiadlo, A. Jarosz, R Przybylski, R Litiw-nowicz, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for accidental deep hypothermia-current challenges and future perspectives.
Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 8 (2019), pp. 137-142
[31]
S. Saito, T. Nakatani, J. Kobayashi, O. Tagusari, K. Bando, K. Niwaya, et al.
Is extracorporeal life support contraindicated in elderly patients?.
Ann Thorac Surg, 83 (2007), pp. 140-145
[32]
S.M. Galvagno Jr., S. Pelekhaty, C.R. Cornachione, K.B. Deatrick, M.A. Mazzeffi, T.M. Scalea, et al.
Does weight matter? Outcomes in adult patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation when stratified by obesity class.
Anesth Analg, 131 (2020), pp. 754-761
[33]
J. Swol, D. Buchwald, J.T. Strauch, T.A. Schildhauer, C. Ull.
Effect of body mass index on the outcome of surgical patients receiving extracorporeal devices (VV ECMO, pECLA) for respiratory failure.
Int J Artif Organs, (2017),
[34]
J. Reeb, A. Olland, S. Renaud, A. Lejay, N. Santelmo, G. Massard, et al.
Vascular access for extracorporeal life support: tips and tricks.
J Thorac Dis, 8 (2016), pp. S353-363
[35]
P. Ariyaratnam, L.A. McLean, A.R. Cale, M. Loubani.
Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for the post-cardiotomy patient.
Heart Fail Rev, 19 (2014), pp. 717-725
[36]
R. Lorusso, G.M. Raffa, K. Alenizy, N. Sluijpers, M. Makhoul, D. Brodie, et al.
Structured review of post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: part 1—adult patients.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 38 (2019), pp. 1125-1143
[37]
I. Slottosch, O. Liakopoulos, E. Kuhn, A.C. Deppe, M. Scherner, N. Madershahian, et al.
Outcomes after peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock: a single-center experience.
J Surg Res, 181 (2013), pp. e47-55
[38]
G. Mariscalco, A. Salsano, A. Fiore, M. Dalén, V.G. Ruggieri, D. Saeed, et al.
Peripheral versus central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy shock: Multicenter registry, systematic review, and meta-analysis.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 160 (2020),
[39]
K.M. Lamb, H. Hirose.
Vascular complications in extracoporeal membrane oxygenation.
Crit Care Clin, 33 (2017), pp. 813-824
[40]
K.M. Lamb, P.J. DiMuzio, A. Johnson, P. Batista, N. Moudgill, M. McCullough, et al.
Arterial protocol including prophylactic distal perfusion catheter decreases limb ischemia complications in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Vasc Surg, 65 (2017), pp. 1074-1079
[41]
J.L. Navia, F.A. Atik, E.A. Beyer, P. Ruda Vega.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with right axillary artery perfusion.
Ann Thorac Surg, 79 (2005), pp. 2163-2165
[42]
M. Biscotti, M. Bacchetta.
The "sport model": extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using the subclavian artery.
Ann Thorac Surg, 98 (2014), pp. 1487-1489
[43]
H.J. Ahn, J.W. Lee, K.H. Joo, Y.H. You, S. Ryu, J.W. Lee, et al.
Point-of-care ultrasound-guided percutaneous cannulation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: make it simple.
J Emerg Med, 54 (2018), pp. 507-513
[44]
J.P. Garcia, Z.N. Kon, C. Evans, Z. Wu, A.T. Iacono, B. McCormick, et al.
Ambulatory veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: innovation and pitfalls.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 142 (2011), pp. 755-761
[45]
H. Hirose, K. Yamane, G. Marhefka, N. Cavarocchi.
Right ventricular rupture and tamponade caused by malposition of the Avalon cannula for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Cardiothorac Surg, 7 (2012), pp. 36
[46]
J. Javidfar, D. Wang, J.B. Zwischenberger, J. Costa, L. Mongero, J. Sonett, et al.
Insertion of bicaval dual lumen extracorporeal membrane oxygenation catheter with image guidance.
ASAIO J, 57 (2011), pp. 203-205
[47]
A. Kessler, B. Coker, M. Townsley, A. Zaky.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator rotational cannula catastrophe: a role of echocardiography in rescue.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 30 (2016), pp. 720-724
[48]
M.J. Griffee, J.E. Tonna, S.H. McKellar, J.M. Zimmerman.
Echocardiographic guidance and troubleshooting for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using the dual-lumen bicaval cannula.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 32 (2018), pp. 370-378
[49]
W.E. Katz, M.Z. Jafar, S. Mankad, R.J. Keenan, G.D. Martich.
Transesophageal echocardiographic identification of a malpositioned extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannula.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 14 (1995), pp. 790-792
[50]
C.L. Tarola, A.D. Nagpal.
Internal jugular vein avulsion complicating dual-lumen vv-ecmo cannulation: an unreported complication of avalon cannulas.
Can J Cardiol, 32 (2016),
[51]
E. Fan, D. Brodie, A.S. Slutsky.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: advances in diagnosis and treatment.
JAMA, 319 (2018), pp. 698-710
[52]
G.J. Peek, M. Mugford, R. Tiruvoipati, A. Wilson, E. Allen, M.M. Thalanany, et al.
Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial.
Lancet, 374 (2009), pp. 1351-1363
[53]
C. Slagt, L. van Eijk.
Tidal volume ventilation strategy in ICU patients without ARDS.
JAMA, 321 (2019), pp. 1311-1312
[54]
P.L. Bosarge, L.A. Raff, G. McGwin Jr., S.N. Carroll, S.C. Bellot, E. Diaz-Guzman, et al.
Early initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improves survival in adult trauma patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 81 (2016), pp. 236-243
[55]
B.W. Tillmann, M.L. Klingel, A.E. Iansavichene, I.M. Ball, A.D. Nagpal.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the low tidal volume era: a systematic review.
J Crit Care, 41 (2017), pp. 64-71
[56]
D. Chiumello, L. Brochard, J.J. Marini, A.S. Slutsky, J. Mancebo, V.M. Ranieri, et al.
Respiratory support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an expert opinion.
Crit Care, 21 (2017), pp. 240
[57]
L. Munshi, T. Telesnicki, A. Walkey, E. Fan.
Extracorporeal life support for acute respiratory failure. A systematic review and metaanalysis.
Ann Am Thorac Soc, 11 (2014), pp. 802-810
[58]
C. Richard, L. Argaud, A. Blet, T. Boulain, L. Contentin, A. Dechartres, et al.
Extracorporeal life support for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: report of a Consensus Conference.
Ann Intensive Care, 4 (2014), pp. 15
[59]
J.E. Millar, N. Bartnikowski, V. von Bahr, M.V. Malfertheiner, N.G. Obonyo, M. Belliato, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a systematic review of pre-clinical models.
Intensive Care Med Exp, 7 (2019), pp. 18
[60]
E. Fan, L. Del Sorbo, E.C. Goligher, C.L. Hodgson, L. Munshi, A.J. Walkey, et al.
An Official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline: mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 195 (2017), pp. 1253-1263
[61]
S. Shi, M. Qin, B. Shen, Y. Cai, T. Liu, F. Yang, et al.
Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.
JAMA Cardiol, 5 (2020), pp. 802-810
[62]
F. Zhou, T. Yu, R. Du, G. Fan, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, et al.
Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.
Lancet, 395 (2020), pp. 1054-1062
[63]
E.G. Price-Haywood, J. Burton, D. Fort, L. Seoane.
Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19.
N Engl J Med, 382 (2020), pp. 2534-2543
[64]
Q. Shi, X. Zhang, F. Jiang, X. Zhang, N. Hu, C. Bimu, et al.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan, China: a two-center, retrospective study.
Diabetes Care, 43 (2020), pp. 1382-1391
[65]
X. Ma, M. Liang, M. Ding, W. Liu, H. Ma, X. Zhou, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Med Sci Monit, 26 (2020), pp. e925364
[66]
K. Ramanathan, D. Antognini, A. Combes, M. Paden, B. Zakhary, M. Ogino, et al.
Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases.
Lancet Respir Med, 8 (2020), pp. 518-526
[67]
T.Y. Xiong, S. Redwood, B. Prendergast, M. Chen.
Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications.
Eur Heart J, 41 (2020), pp. 1798-1800
[68]
Y. Kang, T. Chen, D. Mui, V. Ferrari, D. Jagasia, M. Scherrer-Crosbie, et al.
Cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations in COVID-19.
Heart, 106 (2020), pp. 1132-1141
[69]
K. Shekar, J. Badulak, G. Peek, U. Boeken, H.J. Dalton, L. Arora, et al.
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Coronavirus Disease 2019 Interim Guidelines: A Consensus Document from an International Group of Interdisciplinary Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Providers.
ASAIO J, 66 (2020), pp. 707-721
[70]
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Orientaciones técni-cas sobre el nuevo coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available from: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance.
[71]
J. Chow, A. Alhussaini, O. Calvillo-Arguelles, F. Billia, A. Luk.
Cardiovascular collapse in COVID-19 infection: the role of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO).
CJC Open, 2 (2020), pp. 273-277
[72]
H.J. Cho, S. Heinsar, I.S. Jeong, K. Shekar, G. Li Bassi, J.S. Jung, et al.
ECMO use in COVID-19: lessons from past respiratory virus outbreaks-a narrative review.
Crit Care, 24 (2020), pp. 301
[73]
M. Panigada, G. Iapichino, M. Brioni, G. Panarello, A. Protti, G. Grasseli, et al.
Thromboelastography-based anticoagulation management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a safety and feasibility pilot study.
Ann Intensive Care, 8 (2018), pp. 7
[74]
K.L. Wood, B. Ayers, I. Gosev, N. Kumar, A.L. Melvin, B. Barrus, et al.
Venoarterial ECMO without routine systemic anticoagulation decreases adverse events.
Ann Thorac Surg, 109 (2020), pp. 1458-1466
[75]
M. Licker, J. Diaper, V. Cartier, C. Ellenberger, M. Cikirikcioglu, A. Kalangos, et al.
Clinical review: management of weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery.
Ann Cardiac Anaesth, 15 (2012), pp. 206-223
[76]
M. Khorsandi, S. Dougherty, O. Bouamra, V. Pai, P. Curry, S. Tsui, et al.
Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock after adult cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Cardiothorac Surg, 12 (2017), pp. 55
[77]
F.H. McCarthy, K.M. McDermott, V. Kini, J.T. Gutsche, J.W. Wald, D. Xie, et al.
Trends in U.S. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use and outcomes: 2002–2012.
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 27 (2015), pp. 81-88
[78]
M. Schmidt, A. Burrell, L. Roberts, M. Bailey, J. Sheldraje, P.T. Rycus, et al.
Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score.
Eur Heart J, 36 (2015), pp. 2246-2256
[79]
L. Wang, F. Yang, X. Wang, H. Xie, E. Fan, M. Ogino, et al.
Predicting mortality in patients undergoing VA-ECMO after coronary artery bypass grafting: the REMEMBER score.
Crit Care, 23 (2019), pp. 11
[80]
G.J. Whitman.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the treatment of postcardiotomy shock.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 153 (2017), pp. 95-101
[81]
L.E. Samuels, M.S. Kaufman, M.P. Thomas, E.C. Holmes, S.K. Brockman, A.S. Wechsler.
Pharmacological criteria for ventricular assist device insertion following postcardiotomy shock: experience with the Abiomed BVS system.
J Card Surg, 14 (1999), pp. 288-293
[82]
A. Belletti, M.L. Castro, S. Silvetti, T. Greco, G. Biondi-Zoccai, L. Pasin, et al.
The effect of inotropes and vasopressors on mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Br J Anaesth, 115 (2015), pp. 656-675
[83]
D.J. Hoechter, V. von Dossow, H. Winter, H.H. Müller, B. Meiser, C. Neurohr, et al.
The Munich Lung Transplant Group: intraoperative extracorporeal circulation in lung transplantation.
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 63 (2015), pp. 706-714
[84]
H. Buscher, A. Vukomanovic, M. Benzimra, K. Okada, P. Nair, et al.
Blood and anticoagulation management in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for surgical and nonsurgical patients: a single-center retrospective review.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 31 (2017), pp. 869-875
[85]
M. Gillies, R. Bellomo, L. Doolan, B. Buxton.
Bench-to-bedside review: inotropic drug therapy after adult cardiac surgery — a systematic literature review.
Crit Care, 9 (2005), pp. 266-279
[86]
T. Koponen, J. Karttunen, T. Musialowicz, L. Pietiläinen, A. Uusaro, P. Lahtinen, et al.
Vasoactive-inotropic score and the prediction of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.
Br J Anaestha, 122 (2019), pp. 428-436
[87]
S.J. Na, C.R. Chung, Y.H. Cho, K. Jeon, G.Y. Suh, J.H. Ahn, et al.
Vasoactive inotropic score as a predictor of mortality in adult patients with cardiogenic shock: medical therapy versus ECMO.
Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 72 (2019), pp. 40-47
[88]
G. Nersesian, F. Hennig, M. Muller, J. Mulzer, D. Tsyganenko, C. Starck, et al.
Temporary mechanical circulatory support for refractory heart failure: the German Heart Center Berlin experience.
Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 8 (2019), pp. 76-83
[89]
A. Oude Lansink-Hartgring, A.J. de Vries, J.M. Droogh, W. van den Bergh.
Hemorrhagic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — the role of anticoagulation and platelets.
J Crit Care, 54 (2019), pp. 239-243
[90]
J.L. Perez Vela, J.C. Martin Benitez, M. Carrasco Gonzalez, M.A. de la Cal López, R. Hinojosa Pérez, M. Sagredo Meneses, et al.
[Summary of the consensus document: “Clinical practice guide for the management of low cardiac output syndrome in the postoperative period of heart surgery”].
Med Intensiva, 36 (2012), pp. 277-287
[91]
R. Lorusso, G. Whitman, M. Milojevic, G. Raffa, D.M. McMullan, U. Boeken, et al.
2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS expert consensus on post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support in adult patients.
Ann Thorac Surg, 111 (2020), pp. 327-369
[92]
I. Zarragoikoetxea, R. Vicente, A. Pajares, P. Carmona, M. Lopez, I. Moreno, et al.
Quantitative transthoracic echocardiography of the response to dobutamine in cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 34 (2020), pp. 87-96
[93]
M. Smith, B. Dominguez-Gil, D.M. Greer, A.R. Manara, M.J. Souter.
Organ donation after circulatory death: current status and future potential.
Intensive Care Med, 45 (2019), pp. 310-321
[94]
Organización Nacional de Trasplantes, Gobierno de Españna.Documentos de consenso. Available from: http://www.ont.es/infesp/Paginas/DocumentosdeConsenso.aspx.
[95]
E. Minambres, J.J. Rubio, E. Coll, B. Domínguez-Gil.
Donation after circulatory death and its expansion in Spain.
Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 23 (2018), pp. 120-129
[96]
C.A. Bermudez, D.M. McMullan.
Extracorporeal life support in preoperative and postoperative heart transplant management.
Ann Transl Med, 5 (2017), pp. 398
[97]
J. Aguero, I. Zarragoikoetxea, L. Almenar, F. Valera, A. Vela, J. Porta, et al.
Differences in early postoperative complications in elective and emergency heart transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 40 (2008), pp. 3041-3043
[98]
J. Kobashigawa, A. Zuckermann, P. Macdonald, P. Leprince, F. Esmailian, M. Luu, et al.
Report from a consensus conference on primary graft dysfunction after cardiac transplantation.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 33 (2014), pp. 327-340
[99]
K. Takeda, B. Li, A.R. Garan, V.K. Topkara, J. Han, P.C. Colombo, et al.
Improved outcomes from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus ventricular assist device temporary support of primary graft dysfunction in heart transplant.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 36 (2017), pp. 650-656
[100]
C. D’Alessandro, S. Aubert, J.L. Golmard, B.L. Praschker, C. Luyt, A. Pavie, et al.
Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation temporary support for early graft failure after cardiac transplantation.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 37 (2010), pp. 343-349
[101]
B.G. Tran, K. De La Cruz, S. Grant, J. Meltzer, P. Benharash, R. Dave, et al.
Temporary venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: ten-year experience at a cardiac transplant center.
J Intensive Care Med, 33 (2018), pp. 288-295
[102]
I. Inci, S. Klinzing, D. Schneiter, R.A. Schuepbach, P. Kestenholz, S. Hillinger, et al.
Outcome of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: an institutional experience and literature review.
Transplantation, 99 (2015), pp. 1667-1671
[103]
A.J. Hayanga, J. Aboagye, S. Esper, N. Shigemura, C.A. Bermudez, J. D’Cunha, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation in the United States: an evolving strategy in the management of rapidly advancing pulmonary disease.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 149 (2015), pp. 291-296
[104]
D. Chiumello, S. Coppola, S. Froio, A. Colombo, L. Del Sorbo.
Extracorporeal life support as bridge to lung transplantation: a systematic review.
Crit Care, 19 (2015), pp. 19
[105]
C.A. Bermudez, R.V. Rocha, D. Zaldonis, J.K. Bhama, M.M. Crespo, N. Shigemura, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplant: midterm outcomes.
Ann Thorac Surg, 92 (2011), pp. 1226-1312
[106]
G. Lang, D. Kim, C. Aigner, J. Matila, S. Taghavi, P. Jaksch, et al.
Awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation bridging for pulmonary retransplantation provides comparable results to elective retransplantation.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 33 (2014), pp. 1264-1272
[107]
G. Dellgren, G.C. Riise, K. Sward, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: a long-term study.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 47 (2015), pp. 95-100
[108]
T. Weig, M. Irlbeck, L. Frey, B. Zwißler, H. Winter, G. Preissler, et al.
Parameters associated with short- and midterm survival in bridging to lung transplantation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Clin Transpl, 27 (2013), pp. E563-570
[109]
A. Mattar, S. Chatterjee, G. Loor.
Bridging to lung transplantation.
Crit Care Clin, 35 (2019), pp. 11-25
[110]
M. Biscotti, J. Yang, J. Sonett, M. Bacchetta.
Comparison of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus cardiopulmonary bypass for lung transplantation.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 148 (2014), pp. 2410-2415
[111]
T.N. Machuca, S. Collaud, O. Mercier, M. Cheung, V. Cunningham, S.J. Kim, et al.
Outcomes of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus cardiopulmonary bypass for lung transplantation.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 149 (2015), pp. 1152-1157
[112]
C.A. Bermudez, A. Shiose, S.A. Esper, N. Shigemura, J. D’Cunha, J.K. Bhama, et al.
Outcomes of intraoperative venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus cardiopulmonary bypass during lung transplantation.
Ann Thorac Surg, 98 (2014), pp. 1936-1943
[113]
K. Hashimoto, K. Hoetzenecker, J.C. Yeung, L. Jeagal, L. Donahoe, A. Pierre, et al.
Intraoperative extracorporeal support during lung transplantation in patients bridged with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 37 (2018), pp. 1418-1424
[114]
A.W. Castleberry, M.G. Hartwig, B.A. Whitson.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation post lung transplantation.
Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 18 (2013), pp. 524-530
[115]
D. Abrams, M. Bacchetta, D. Brodie.
Recirculation in venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
ASAIO J, 61 (2015), pp. 115-121
[116]
N.S. Sharma, M.G. Hartwig, D. Hayes Jr.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the pre and post lung transplant period.
Ann Transl Med, 5 (2017), pp. 74
[117]
B.F. Meyers, T.M. Sundt 3rd, S. Henry, E.P. Trulock, T. Guthrie, J.D. Cooper, et al.
Selective use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is warranted after lung transplantation.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 120 (2000), pp. 20-26
[118]
S. Fischer, D. Bohn, P. Rycus, A.F. Pierre, M. dePerrot, T.K. Waddell, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation: analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 26 (2007), pp. 472-477
[119]
M.G. Hartwig, R. Walczak, S.S. Lin, R.D. Davis.
Improved survival but marginal allograft function in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after lung transplantation.
Ann Thorac Surg, 93 (2012), pp. 366-371
[120]
R. Vicente, I. Zarragoikoetxea, I. Moreno, M.A. Pajares, J. Porta, P. Argente, et al.
Extracorporeal Life Support (ECMO) in Thoracic Surgery.
Anesthesia in thoracic surgery: changes of paradigms, pp. 299-311
[121]
T.W. Foong, K. Ramanathan, K.K.M. Chan, G. Macaren.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during adult noncardiac surgery and perioperative emergencies: a narrative review.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 35 (2021), pp. 281-297
[122]
H.J. Braun, M.E. Pulcrano, D.J. Weber, B.E. Padilla, N.L. Ascher.
The utility of ECMO after liver transplantation: experience at a high-volume transplant center and review of the literature.
Transplantation, 103 (2019), pp. 1568-1573
[123]
E. Levesque, C. Salloum, C. Feray, D. Azoulay.
The utility of ECMO, not just after but also during liver transplantation.
Transplantation, 103 (2019), pp. e319-e320
[124]
Tt Horlocker, E. Vandermeuelen, Sl Kopp, W. Gogarten, L.R. Leffert, H.T. Benzon.
Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Fourth Edition).
Reg Anesth Pain Med, 43 (2018), pp. 263-309
[125]
M. Arlt, A. Philipp, S. Voelkel, L. Rupprecht, T. Mueller, M. Hilker, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe trauma patients with bleeding shock.
Resuscitation, 81 (2010), pp. 804-809
[126]
R.E. Culbreth, L.T. Goodfellow.
Complications of prone positioning during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: a systematic review.
Respir Care, 61 (2016), pp. 249-254
[127]
M.A. Fierro, M.A. Daneshmand, R.R. Bartz.
Perioperative management of the adult patient on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requiring noncardiac surgery.
Anesthesiology, 128 (2018), pp. 181-201
[128]
K. Shekar, J.F. Fraser, M.T. Smith, J.A. Roberts.
Pharmacokinetic changes in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Crit Care, 27 (2012),
[129]
B.J. Carroll, R.V. Shah, V. Murthy, S.A. McCullough, N. Reza, S.S. Thomas, et al.
Clinical features and outcomes in adults with cardiogenic shock supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Am J Cardiol, 116 (2015), pp. 1624-1630
[130]
P.S. Hsu, J.L. Chen, G.J. Hong, Y.T. Tsai, C.Y. Lin, C.Y. Lee, et al.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock after cardiac surgery: predictors of early mortality and outcome from 51 adult patients.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 37 (2010), pp. 328-333
[131]
Y.S. Chung, D.Y. Cho, D.S. Sohn, W.S. Lee, H. Won, D.H. Lee, et al.
Is stopping heparin safe in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment?.
ASAIO J, 63 (2017), pp. 32-36
[132]
K.T. Carter, M.E. Kutcher, J.G. Shake, A.L. Panos, R.P. Cochran, L.L. Creswell, et al.
Heparin-sparing anticoagulation strategies are viable options for patients on veno-venous ECMO.
J Surg Res, 243 (2019), pp. 399-409
[133]
E. Sy, M.C. Sklar, L. Lequier, E. Fan, H.D. Kanji.
Anticoagulation practices and the prevalence of major bleeding, thromboembolic events, and mortality in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Crit Care, 39 (2017), pp. 87-96
[134]
C.M. Cahill, N. Blumberg, A.E. Schmidt, P.A. Knight, A.L. Melvin, H.T. Massey, et al.
Implementation of a standardized transfusion protocol for cardiac patients treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is associated with decreased blood component utilization and may improve clinical outcome.
Anesth Analg, 126 (2018), pp. 1262-1267
[135]
K. Fitousis, R. Klasek, P.E. Mason, F. Masud.
Evaluation of a pharmacy managed heparin protocol for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.
Perfusion, 32 (2017), pp. 238-244
[136]
G. Martucci, G. Panarello, G. Occhipinti, V. Ferrazza, F. Tuzzolino, D. Bellavia, et al.
Anticoagulation and transfusions management in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: assessment of factors associated with transfusion requirements and mortality.
J Intensive Care Med, 34 (2019), pp. 630-639
[137]
J.D. Bui, G.D. Despotis, E.P. Trulock, G.A. Patterson, L.T. Goodnough.
Fatal thrombosis after administration of activated prothrombin complex concentrates in a patient supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation who had received activated recombinant factor VII.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 124 (2002), pp. 852-854
[138]
J. Thomas, V. Kostousov, J. Teruya.
Bleeding and thrombotic complications in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Semin Thromb Hemost, 44 (2018), pp. 20-29
[139]
K. Krueger, A. Schmutz, B. Zieger, J. Kalbhenn.
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with prophylactic subcutaneous anticoagulation only: an observational study in more than 60 patients.
Artif Organs, 41 (2017), pp. 186-192
[140]
F.C. Trudzinski, P. Minko, D. Rapp, S. Fähndrich, H. Haake, M. Haab, et al.
Runtime and aPTT predict venous thrombosis and thromboembolism in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective analysis.
Ann Intensive Care, 6 (2016), pp. 66
[141]
M. Ranucci, E. Baryshnikova, M. Cotza, G. Carboni, G. Isgrò, C. Carlucci, et al.
Coagulation monitoring in postcardiotomy ECMO: conventional tests, point-of-care, or both?.
Minerva Anestesiol, 82 (2016), pp. 858-866
[142]
R.A. Niebler, H. Parker, G.M. Hoffman.
Impact of anticoagulation and circuit technology on complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
ASAIO J, 65 (2019), pp. 270-276
[143]
S. Prakash, U.F. Wiersema, S. Bihari, D. Roxby.
Discordance between ROTEM(R) clotting time and conventional tests during unfractionated heparin-based anticoagulation in intensive care patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Anaesth Intensive Care, 44 (2016), pp. 85-92
[144]
K. Venkatesh, P.S. Nair, D.J. Hoechter, H. Buscher, et al.
Current limitations of the assessment of haemostasis in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients and the role of point-of-care testing.
Anaesth Intensive Care, 44 (2016), pp. 669-680
[145]
M. Ranucci, M. Cotza, G. Isgro, G. Carboni, A. Ballotta, E. Baryshnikova, et al.
Anti-factor Xa-based anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: potential problems and possible solutions.
Semin Thromb Hemost, 46 (2019), pp. 419-427
[146]
M.A. Mazzeffi, K. Tanaka, A. Roberts, R. Rector, J. Menaker, Z. Kon, et al.
Bleeding, thrombosis, and transfusion with two heparin anticoagulation protocols in venoarterial ECMO patients.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 33 (2019), pp. 1216-1220
[147]
A. Protti, G.E. Iapichino, M. Di Nardo, M. Panigada, L. Gattinoni.
Anticoagulation management and antithrombin supplementation practice during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a worldwide survey.
Anesthesiology, 132 (2019), pp. 562-570
[148]
C. Delmas, A. Jacquemin, F. Vardon-Bounes, B. Georges, F. Guerrero, N. Hernandez, et al.
Anticoagulation monitoring under ECMO support: a comparative study between the activated coagulation time and the anti-Xa activity assay.
J Intensive Care Med, 35 (2018), pp. 679-686
[149]
D. Cunningham, M.W. Besser, K. Giraud, C. Gerrard, A. Vuylsteke.
Agreement between ACT and aPTT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation shows intra- and inter-individual variation.
Perfusion, 31 (2016), pp. 503-507
[150]
S.A. Esper, I.J. Welsby, K. Subramaniam, W.J. Wallisch, J.H. Levy, J.H. Waters, et al.
Adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an international survey of transfusion and anticoagulation techniques.
Vox San, 112 (2017), pp. 443-452
[151]
B. Hohlfelder, D. Kelly, M. Hoang, K.E. Anger, K.W. Sylvester, R.M. Kaufman, et al.
Activated clotting times demonstrate weak correlation with heparin dosing in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Am J Ther, (2019),
[152]
C. Dornia, A. Philipp, S. Bauer, C. Stroszczynski, A.G. Schreyer, T. Müller, et al.
D-dimers are a predictor of clot volume inside membrane oxygenators during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Artificial organs, 39 (2015), pp. 782-787
[153]
U. Pollak.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: review of the literature and alternative anticoagulants.
J Thromb Haemost, 17 (2019), pp. 1608-1622
[154]
T.J. Berei, M.P. Lillyblad, K.J. Wilson, R.S. Garberich, K.M. Hryniewicz, et al.
Evaluation of systemic heparin versus bivalirudin in adult patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
ASAIO J, 64 (2018), pp. 623-629
[155]
M. Menk, P. Briem, B. Weiss, M. Gassner, D. Schwaiberger, A. Goldmann, et al.
Efficacy and safety of argatroban in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extracorporeal lung support.
Ann Intensive Care, 7 (2017), pp. 82
[156]
E. Ljajikj, A. Zittermann, M. Morshuis, J. Börgermann, M. Ruiz-Cano, M. Schoenbrodt, et al.
Bivalirudin anticoagulation for left ventricular assist device implantation on an extracorporeal life support system in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies.
Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 25 (2017), pp. 898-904
[157]
B. Burstein, P.M. Wieruszewski, Y.J. Zhao, N. Smischney.
Anticoagulation with direct thrombin inhibitors during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
World J Crit Care Med, 8 (2019), pp. 87-98
[158]
M.L. Dickstein.
The starling relationship and veno-arterial ECMO: ventricular distension explained.
ASAIO J, 64 (2018), pp. 497-501
[159]
H. Hireche-Chikaoui, M.R. Grubler, A. Bloch, S. Windecker, S. Bloechlinger, L. Hunziker.
Nonejecting hearts on femoral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: aortic root blood stasis and thrombus formation—a case series and review of the literature.
Crit Care Med, 46 (2018), pp. e459-e464
[160]
D.W. Donker, D. Brodie, J.P.S. Henriques, M. Broomé.
Left ventricular unloading during veno-arterial ECMO: a review of percutaneous and surgical unloading interventions.
Perfusion, 34 (2019), pp. 98-105
[161]
T.K. Park, J.H. Yang, S.H. Choi, Y.B. Song, J.Y. Hahn, J.H. Choi, et al.
Clinical impact of intra-aortic balloon pump during extracorporeal life support in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.
BMC Anesthesiol, 14 (2014), pp. 27
[162]
L.Y. Lin, C.W. Liao, C.H. Wang, N.H. Chi, H.Y. Yu, N.K. Chou, et al.
Effects of additional intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation therapy to cardiogenic shock patients supported by extra-corporeal membranous oxygenation.
Sci Rep, 6 (2016), pp. 23838
[163]
A.L. Jayaraman, D. Cormican, P. Shah, H. Ramakrishna.
Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: techniques, limitations, and special considerations.
Ann Card Anaesth, 20 (2017), pp. S11-S18
[164]
A.G. Fiedler, A. Dalia, A.L. Axtell, J. Ortoleva, S.M. Thomas, N. Roy, et al.
Impella placement guided by echocardiography can be used as a strategy to unload the left ventricle during peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 32 (2018), pp. 2585-2591
[165]
A.A. Al-Fares, V.K. Randhawa, M. Englesakis, M.A. McDonald, A.D. Nagpal, J.D. Estep, et al.
Optimal strategy and timing of left ventricular venting during veno-arterial extracorporeal life support for adults in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Circ Heart Fail, 12 (2019),
[166]
B. Schrage, D. Burkhoff, N. Rubsamen, P.M. Becher, M. Schwarzl, A. Bernhardt, et al.
Unloading of the left ventricle during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy in cardiogenic shock.
JACC Heart Fail, 6 (2018), pp. 1035-1043
[167]
N.K. Kapur, C.D. Davila, H. Chweich.
Protecting the vulnerable left ventricle: the art of unloading with VA-ECMO.
Circ Heart Fail, 12 (2019),
[168]
G.C. Stewart.
Finding the right time and place to vent.
JACC Heart Fail, 6 (2018), pp. 1044-1046
[169]
R. Cheng, R. Hachamovitch, M. Kittleson, J. Patel, F. Arabia, J. Moriguchi, et al.
Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients.
Ann Thorac Surg, 97 (2014), pp. 610-616
[170]
D.J. Kim, Y.J. Cho, S.H. Park, C. Lim, K.H. Park, S. Jheon, et al.
Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for early detection of limb ischemia in patients on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
ASAIO J, 63 (2017), pp. 613-617
[171]
K. Patton-Rivera, J. Beck, K. Fung, C. Chan, M. Beck, H. Takayama, et al.
Using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess distal-limb perfusion on venoarterial (V-A) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients with femoral cannulation.
Perfusion, 33 (2018), pp. 618-623
[172]
J. Menaker, A. Tabatabai, R. Rector, K. Dolly, J. Kufera, E. Lee, et al.
Incidence of cannula-associated deep vein thrombosis after veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
ASAIO J, 63 (2017), pp. 588-591
[173]
C. Fisser, C. Reichenbacher, T. Muller, R. Schneckenpointner, M.V. Malfertheiner, A. Philipp, et al.
Incidence and risk factors for cannula-related venous thrombosis after venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure.
Crit Care Med, 47 (2019), pp. e332-e339
[174]
R. Lorusso, S. Gelsomino, O. Parise, M. Di Mauro, F. Barili, G. Geskes, et al.
Neurologic injury in adults supported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: findings from the extracorporeal life support organization database.
Crit Care Med, 45 (2017), pp. 1389-1397
[175]
A. Xie, K. Phan, Y.C. Tsai, T.D. Yan, P. Forrest.
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 29 (2015), pp. 637-645
[176]
F. Pappalardo, A. Montisci.
Neurologic complications during V–V extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: still counting.
J Thorac Dis, 9 (2017), pp. 2774-2776
[177]
D. De Backer.
Circulatory shock.
N Engl J Med, 369 (2013), pp. 1726-1734
[178]
S. Krishnan, G.A. Schmidt.
Hemodynamic monitoring in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient.
Curr Opin Crit Care, 25 (2019), pp. 285-291
[179]
G. Doufle, N.D. Ferguson.
Monitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Curr Opin Crit Care, 22 (2016), pp. 230-238
[180]
J. Merkle, F. Azizov, J. Fatullayev, C. Weber, J. Maier, K. Eghbalzadeh, et al.
Monitoring of adult patient on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in intensive care medicine.
J Thorac Dis, 11 (2019), pp. S946-S956
[181]
Y. Su, K. Liu, J.L. Zheng, X. Li, D.M. Zhu, Y. Zhang, et al.
Hemodynamic monitoring in patients with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Ann Transl Med, 8 (2020), pp. 792
[182]
S.O. Kazmi, S. Sivakumar, D. Karakitsos, A. Alharthy, C. Lazaridis.
Cerebral pathophysiology in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: pitfalls in daily clinical management.
Crit Care Res Pract, 2018 (2018),
[183]
M. Haller, C. Zollner, W. Manert, J. Briegel, E. Kilger, J. Polasek, et al.
Thermodilution cardiac output may be incorrect in patients on venovenous extracorporeal lung assist.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152 (1995), pp. 1812-1817
[184]
M. Schmidt, C. Stewart, M. Bailey, A. Nieszkowska, J. Kelly, L. Murphy, et al.
Mechanical ventilation management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective international multicenter study.
Crit Care Med, 43 (2015), pp. 654-664
[185]
T. Bein, S. Grasso, O. Moerer, M. Quintel, C. Guerin, M. Deja, et al.
The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia.
Intensive Care Med, 42 (2016), pp. 699-711
[186]
L. Del Sorbo, A. Goffi, E. Goligher, E. Fan, A.S. Slutsky.
Setting mechanical ventilation in ARDS patients during VV-ECMO: where are we?.
Minerva Anestesiol, 81 (2015), pp. 1369-1376
[187]
L. Gattinoni, E. Carlesso, T. Langer.
Clinical review: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Critical Care, 15 (2011), pp. 243
[188]
G. Doufle, A. Roscoe, F. Billia, E. Fan.
Echocardiography for adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Crit Care, 19 (2015), pp. 326
[189]
P. Lancellotti, S. Price, T. Edvardsen, B. Cosyns, A.N. Neskovic, R. Dulgheru, et al.
The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association.
Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 4 (2015), pp. 3-5
[190]
D.G. Platts, J.F. Sedgwick, D.J. Burstow, D.V. Mullany, J.F. Fraser.
The role of echocardiography in the management of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 25 (2012), pp. 131-141
[191]
D.A. Lichtenstein.
BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill.
Chest, 147 (2015), pp. 1659-1670
[192]
P. Carmona Garcia, R. Garcia Fuster, E. Mateo, S. Badía Gamarra, M. López Cantero, E. Gutiérrez Carretero, et al.
Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiovascular surgery. Consensus document from the Spanish Society of Anesthesia and Critical Care (SEDAR) and the Spanish Society of Endovascular and Cardiovascular Surgery (SECCE).
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim, 67 (2020), pp. 446-480
[193]
C. Mitchell, P.S. Rahko, L.A. Blauwet, B. Canaday, J.A. Finstuen, M.C. Foster, et al.
Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 32 (2019), pp. 1-64
[194]
R.T. Hahn, T. Abraham, M.S. Adams, C.J. Bruce, K.E. Glas, R.M. Lang, et al.
Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26 (2013), pp. 921-964
[195]
S.M. Fiser, C.G. Tribble, A.K. Kaza, S.M. Long, R.K. Zacour, J.A. Kern, et al.
When to discontinue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy support.
Ann Thorac Surg, 71 (2001), pp. 210-214
[196]
N. Aissaoui, C.E. Luyt, P. Leprince, J.L. Trouillet, P. Léger, A. Pavie, et al.
Predictors of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) weaning after assistance for refractory cardiogenic shock.
Intensive Care Med, 37 (2011), pp. 1738-1745
[197]
N.C. Cavarocchi, H.T. Pitcher, Q. Yang, P. Karbowski, J. Miessau, et al.
Weaning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using continuous hemodynamic transesophageal echocardiography.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 146 (2013), pp. 1474-1479
[198]
D.W. Donker, C.L. Meuwese, S.A. Braithwaite, M. Broomé, et al.
Echocardiography in extracorporeal life support: a key player in procedural guidance, tailoring and monitoring.
Perfusion, 33 (2018), pp. 31-41
[199]
T. Kaufeld, E. Beckmann, F. Ius, N. Koigeldiev, W. Sommer, B. Mashaqi, et al.
Risk factors for critical limb ischemia in patients undergoing femoral cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Is distal limb perfusion a mandatory approach?.
Perfusion, (2019),
[200]
F. Pappalardo, M. Pieri, B. Arnaez Corada, S. Ajello, G. Melisurgo, M. De Bonis, et al.
Timing and strategy for weaning from venoarterial ECMO are complex issues.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 29 (2015), pp. 906-911
[201]
J. Moreno Garijo, M. Cypel, K. McRae, T. Machuca, V. Cunning-ham, P. Slinger, et al.
The evolving role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation: implications for anesthetic management.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 33 (2019), pp. 1995-2006
