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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Thyroid cancer
Journal Information
Vol. 164. Issue 8.
Pages 421-428 (April 2025)
Vol. 164. Issue 8.
Pages 421-428 (April 2025)
Review
Thyroid cancer
Cáncer de tiroides
Jordi L. Reverter
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital i Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Article information
Abstract
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Main malignant thyroid neoplasms.
Tables
Table 2. EU-TIRADS and ACR TI-RADS risk classifications, based on ultrasound features and recommended clinical approach.26,27
Tables
Table 3. Bethesda classification of thyroid cytology.29
Tables
Table 4. Classification of the risk of recurrence of thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy according to the American Thyroid Association guidelines for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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Abstract

In recent decades, the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, especially the papillary type, has increased significantly due to the use of imaging techniques such as ultrasound. For this reason, it is essential to rationalize diagnosis and treatment, since the behavior of thyroid cancer varies from slow-progressing tumors to highly aggressive ones. The application of risk assessment systems for ultrasound images and the optimization of cytology incorporating molecular studies allows cases to be stratified in order to select therapy on an individual basis. Currently, attempts are being made to avoid overtreatment in low-risk tumors, with active surveillance or minimally invasive techniques. The administration of radioiodine is indicated according to risk, with lower doses, and in advanced cases, oncospecific systemic treatments are being incorporated. The management of thyroid cancer requires a multidisciplinary team and population studies and quality clinical trials are necessary to update treatment guidelines.

Keywords:
Thyroid cancer
Genetics
Active surveillance
Minimally invasive techniques
Systemic treatments
Prehabilitation
Resumen

En las últimas décadas ha aumentado significativamente el diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides, especialmente el tipo papilar, debido al amplio uso de técnicas de imagen como la ecografía. Por este motivo es fundamental racionalizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento, ya que su comportamiento varía desde tumores de progresión lenta hasta altamente agresivos. La aplicación de sistemas de evaluación de riesgo de las imágenes ecográficas y la optimización de la citología incorporando estudios moleculares permite estratificar los casos para seleccionar la terapia de forma individualizada. Actualmente es necesario evitar el sobretratamiento en tumores de bajo riesgo, con vigilancia activa o técnicas mínimamente invasivas. La administración de radioyodo se indica según el riesgo, a menores dosis, y en casos avanzados se están incorporando tratamientos sistémicos oncoespecíficos. El abordaje del cáncer de tiroides requiere un equipo multidisciplinar y son necesarios estudios poblacionales y ensayos clínicos de calidad para actualizar las guías.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de tiroides
Genética
Vigilancia activa
Técnicas minimamente invasivas
Tratamientos sitémicos
Prehabilitación

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