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Medicina Clínica (English Edition) GLP-1-based medications: Mechanisms involved in obesity treatment
Journal Information
Vol. 165. Issue 1.
(July 2025)
Review
GLP-1-based medications: Mechanisms involved in obesity treatment
Fármacos basados en GLP-1: mecanismos implicados en el tratamiento de la obesidad
Javier Salvador
Corresponding author
jsalvador@unav.es

Corresponding author.
Profesor titular emérito de Endocrinología, Universidad de Navarra, CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain
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Table 1. Route of administration, periodicity, GLP-1 receptor bias and actions of GLP-1-based drugs on weight reduction, waist circumference, HbA1c and risk/reversal of diabetes.
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Table 2. Effects of current and potential GLP-1-associated compounds in the context of multi-agonist drugs and combinations.
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Abstract

Thanks to biochemical engineering, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) molecule has emerged as an essential element in the development of diverse agonists and multiagonists, based in the GLP-1 structure for obesity treatment. These new antiobesity medications can reach up to 24% weight loss, which makes possible an effective management of obesity and its complications. GLP-1 agonists affect diverse obesity etiopathogenic processes such as abnormal food intake regulation, adipocyte dysfunction, insulin resistance, adipokine production, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. All these factors are significantly involved in the pathophysiology of multiple obesity-related complications, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, among others. Potentiation and complementation of GLP-1 effects by co-stimulation of GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide), glucagon, or amylin and other receptors contribute to additional benefits, opening new horizons in the therapeutic individualization for persons living with obesity.

Keywords:
GLP-1
Obesity
Liraglutide
Semaglutide
Tirzepatide
GLP-1 multi-agonists
Resumen

La molécula del péptido análogo al glucagón tipo 1 (GLP-1) ha emergido, merced a la bioingeniería bioquímica, como un elemento esencial en el desarrollo de agonistas y multiagonistas basados en su estructura para el tratamiento de la obesidad. Estos nuevos fármacos llegan a alcanzar valores medios de pérdida de peso del 24%, lo que contribuye a su eficacia sobre las complicaciones de la obesidad. Sus efectos sobre las alteraciones en la regulación de la ingesta, disfunción adipocitaria, resistencia a la insulina, producción de adipoquinas, inflamación, disfunción endotelial, metabolismo lipídico y estrés oxidativo posibilitan el control de numerosas complicaciones como la diabetes, la enfermedad hepática metabólica, la insuficiencia cardiaca y la arteriosclerosis, entre otras. La potenciación y complementación de los efectos de GLP-1 que ofrece la coestimulación de receptores de GIP (polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de la glucosa), glucagón y amilina, promueven importantes beneficios adicionales, abriendo alentadores horizontes de individualización terapéutica para las personas que viven con obesidad.

Palabras clave:
GLP-1
Obesidad
Liraglutida
Semaglutida
Tirzepatida
Multiagonistas GLP-1

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