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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV where do we stand?
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Vol. 162. Issue 5.
Pages 231-237 (March 2024)
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Vol. 162. Issue 5.
Pages 231-237 (March 2024)
Review
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV where do we stand?
Manifestaciones extrahepáticas del VHC. ¿Dónde nos encontramos?
Mohamed Aly Mokhles
National Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, Center of Excellence for Medical Research, Egypt
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Table 1. Resolution of different clinical manifestations in different studies.
Table 2. Complete immunological and clinical responses to antiviral therapies in different studies.
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Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated as up 40–70% of patients with extrahepatic manifestations (EHM) and 36 different syndromes. These could be attributed to the fact that HCV is lymphotropic, particularly B lymphotropic, and not merely hepatotropic, and could trigger immunological alterations indirectly by exerting a chronic stimulus on the immune system with production of immunoglobulins having rheumatoid activity forming immune complexes and production of cryoglobulins. Cryoglobulinemoa plays a pivotal role in producing most EHM of HCV such as vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis and neuropathies. Less frequently; while less frequently, the direct viral cytopathic effect could lead to EHMs independent of cryoglobulinemia. The mainstay of treatment of EMH has been antivirals, since interferon era to direct-acting drugs era, with no differences between the two eras, despite the better virological response. Longer evaluation of virological response and clinical investigation with longer follow-ups are necessary.

Keywords:
Extrahepatic manifestations
HCV
Cryoglobulinemia
DAAs
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
Resumen

La infección por el virus hepatitis C (VHC) se ha asociado a 40-70% de los pacientes con alguna manifestación extrahepática (MEH) y 36 síndromes diferentes, atribuibles a que el VHC es linfotrópico, particularmente linfotrópico B, y no simplemente hepatotrópico. El VHC podría desencadenar alteraciones inmunológicas al ejercer un estímulo crónico del sistema inmunológico con producción de inmunoglobulinas con actividad reumatoide y formación de complejos inmunes y crioglobulinas. Estas desempeñan un papel fundamental en la mayoría de las MEH como vasculitis, glomerulonefritis, artritis y neuropatías, mientras, menos frecuentemente, el efecto citopático viral directo podría conducir a MEH independientes de crioglobulinas. El principal tratamiento de las MEH ha sido el antiviral, desde la era del interferón hasta la de los fármacos de acción directa, sin diferencias entre las dos épocas, a pesar de la mejor respuesta virológica. Son necesarias evaluaciones más prolongadas de la respuesta virológica e investigación clínica con seguimientos más largos.

Palabras clave:
Manifestaciones extrahepáticas
VHC
Crioglobulinemia
AAD
Vasculitis crioglobulinémica

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