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Vol. 32. Issue S1.
Maternal and Child Nursing
Pages S5-S13 (June 2022)
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Vol. 32. Issue S1.
Maternal and Child Nursing
Pages S5-S13 (June 2022)
Original Article
Factors associated with prenatal stress and anxiety in pregnant women during COVID-19 in Spain
Factores asociados al estrés prenatal y la ansiedad en gestantes durante el COVID-19 en España
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Natalia Awad-Sirhana,b,
Corresponding author
nawadsirhan@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Sandra Simó-Teufela, Yerko Molina-Muñozc, Juanita Cajiao-Nietod, María Teresa Izquierdo-Puchole
a Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
b Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
c Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
d Grupo Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Salud, Fundación Universitaria CAFAM, Bogotá, Colombia
e Hospital Vithas Valencia 9 de Octubre, Valencia, Spain
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Vol. 32. Issue S1

Maternal and Child Nursing

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Abstract
Aim of the study

To describe prenatal stress and state anxiety levels in pregnant women living in Spain during the lockdown of the first wave of COVID-19 and its relation with obstetric factors, perception of health care, and concerns about the socio-sanitary situation.

Methods

The present study is an observational, correlational, and cross-sectional quantitative study. The participants in the study were pregnant women recruited through non-probabilistic convenience and snowball sampling during the lockdown. A web link was provided to an online questionnaire designed for this research, which collected socio-demographic and obstetric variables, perceptions of health care received during the pandemic and preoccupations associated with COVID-19. It also included the Prenatal Stress Questionnaire (PDQ) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S).

Results

Based on the responses of 695 pregnant women, the results showed a mean of 16.98 (SD = 25.20) of prenatal stress and elevated levels of anxiety (M = 25.20/SD = 11.07) in the first wave of the pandemic. Risk factors for prenatal stress and anxiety were the level of preoccupation associated with COVID-19 and previous mental health issues. A specific risk factor for anxiety was having more than one child and a protective factor were perceiving accessibility and availability of health care, with clear and consistent pregnancy care and follow-up protocols.

Conclusions

The lockdown period for COVID-19 was a stressful experience for pregnant women, highlighting the need to address their psychological well-being through clear and coherent protocols in terms of maternal-foetal health control and follow-up.

Keywords:
Mental health
Prenatal exposure delayed effects
Psychological distress anxiety
COVID-19
Perinatal care
Resumen
Objetivo

Describir los niveles de estrés prenatal y ansiedad estado en mujeres gestantes residentes en España durante el confinamiento generado por la primera ola de COVID-19, y su asociación con los factores obstétricos, percepción de la atención sanitaria y preocupación provocada por la situación sociosanitaria.

Método

Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, correlacional y de corte transversal. La población de estudio fueron mujeres gestantes confinadas, reclutadas a través de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia y de bola de nieve. Se difundió un enlace web de acceso a un cuestionario online diseñado para la investigación, que recogía variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas, sobre la percepción de la atención sanitaria recibida durante la pandemia y preocupaciones asociadas al COVID-19. Se incluyó también el Cuestionario de Preocupaciones Prenatales (PDQ) y el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado (STAI-S).

Resultados

Basados en las respuestas de 695 mujeres gestantes, los resultados indican que durante la primera ola de la pandemia se observó un nivel medio de estrés prenatal de 16,98 (DS = 25,20) y un nivel elevado de ansiedad (M = 25,20/DS = 11,07). Factores de riesgo determinante del estrés prenatal y ansiedad fueron el nivel de preocupación asociada al COVID-19 y tener antecedentes de salud mental. Un factor de riesgo específico para la ansiedad fue tener más de un hijo/a y un factor protector fue percibir accesibilidad y disponibilidad de la atención sanitaria.

Conclusiones

El periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19 significó un estrés adicional para las mujeres gestantes, poniendo en evidencia la necesidad de atender el bienestar psicológico de dicha población a través de protocolos claros y coherentes en cuanto a control y seguimiento de la salud materno-fetal.

Palabras clave:
Salud mental
Efectos tardíos de la exposición prenatal
Distrés psicológico
Ansiedad
COVID-19
Atención perinatal

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