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Available online 5 May 2024
Evolving SARS-CoV-2 severity among hospital and university affiliates in Spain and Greater Boston
Evolución de la gravedad del SARS-CoV-2 entre afiliados hospitalarios y universitarios de España y el Gran Boston
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Fares Amera,b, Fan-Yun Lanc,d,e, Mario Gil-Conesaa, Amalia Sidossisc,d, Daniel Bruquea, Eirini Iliakic,f, Jane Buleyc, Neetha Nathanc, Lou Ann Bruno-Murthaf, Silvia Carlosa,g, Stefanos N. Kalesc,d, Alejandro Fernandez-Monterod,g,h,
Corresponding author
afmontero@unav.es

Corresponding author.
a Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Spain
b PhD Programme in Applied Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Navarra, Spain
c Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
d Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
e Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
f Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
g Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
h Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
This item has received
Received 02 September 2023. Accepted 28 December 2023
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 positive cases across the time periods 8th March 2020–31st January 2022.
Table 2. Hospitalization risk according to time periods 8th March 2020–31st January 2022.
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Abstract
Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus greatly affected healthcare workers and healthcare systems. It also challenged schools and universities worldwide negatively affecting in-person education. We conducted this study is to assess the evolution of SARs-CoV-2 virulence over the course of the pandemic.

Methods

A combined cohort of University students in Spain and HCWs from the two hospitals in Spain, and one healthcare system in the Greater Boston area was followed prospectively from March 8th, 2020, to January 31st, 2022 for diagnosis with COVID-19 by PCR testing and related sequelae. Follow-up time was divided into four periods according to distinct waves of infection during the pandemic. Severity of COVID-19 was measured by case-hospitalization rate. Descriptive statistics and multivariable-adjusted statistics using the Poisson mixed-effects regression model were applied. As a sensitivity analysis, information on SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and COVID-19 deaths through May 30, 2023 from the Boston area was collected.

Results

For the last two periods of the study (January 1st to December 15th, 2021 and December 16th, 2021 to January 31st, 2022) and relative to the first period (March 8th to May 31st, 2020), the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of hospitalization were 0.08 (95% CI, 0.03–0.17) and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01–0.15), respectively. In addition, a relative risk 0.012 CI95% (0.012–0.012) was observed when comparing COVID-19 mortality versus SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL in Boston-area wastewater over the period (16th December 2021 to 30th May 2023) and relative to the first period.

Conclusions

The severity of COVID-19 and immunity of our populations evolved over time, resulting in a decrease in case severity. We found the case-hospitalization rate decreased more than 90% in our cohort despite an increase in incidence.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Virulence
SARS-CoV-2
Health care worker
University population
Resumen
Introducción

La pandemia de COVID-19 impactó profundamente en trabajadores y sistemas de salud, y afectó negativamente a la educación presencial a nivel global. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la evolución de la virulencia del SARS-CoV-2 durante la pandemia.

Métodos

Seguimos prospectivamente a una cohorte combinada de estudiantes universitarios en España y trabajadores de la salud de 2 hospitales en España y un sistema sanitario en Greater Boston, desde el 8 de marzo de 2020 hasta el 31 de enero de 2022, diagnosticando COVID-19 mediante pruebas de PCR y sus secuelas relacionadas. El seguimiento se dividió en 4 periodos según las oleadas de infección. Medimos la gravedad de la COVID-19 mediante tasas de hospitalización. Empleamos estadísticas descriptivas y multivariables ajustadas con el modelo de regresión de efectos mixtos de Poisson. También se recopiló información sobre ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales y muertes por COVID-19 en el área de Boston hasta el 30 de mayo de 2023.

Resultados

Comparando los 2 últimos periodos del estudio (1 de enero al 15 de diciembre de 2021 y 16 de diciembre de 2021 al 31 de enero de 2022) con el periodo inicial (8 de marzo al 31 de mayo de 2020), las tasas de incidencia de hospitalización fueron 0,08 (IC 95%: 0,03-0,17) y 0,03 (IC 95%: 0,01-0,15), respectivamente. Además, se observó un riesgo relativo de 0,012 (IC 95%: 0,012-0,012) al comparar la mortalidad por COVID-19 con las copias/ml de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales de Boston entre el 16 de diciembre de 2021 y el 30 de mayo de 2023, en relación con el periodo inicial.

Conclusiones

La gravedad de la COVID-19 disminuyó un 90%.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Virulencia
SARS-CoV-2
Trabajadores de la salud
Población universitaria

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