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Guadalupe Guijarro de Armas, Susana Monereo Megías, María Merino Viveros, Clara Torán Ranero" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Navea Aguilera" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "crisnavea@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M. 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There are complications of diabetes which are little known either to healthcare professionals or to the patients themselves, including periodontal disease and other manifestations in the oral cavity such as xerostomia, a burning sensation, and increased infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> The aim of this study was to assess whether patients with DM have a greater frequency of xerostomia.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive study was conducted in 200 patients, 100 with DM and 100 with no DM, who attended the outpatient endocrinology clinic of the hospital from January 2012 to January 2013. Patients gave their written informed consent to participate in this study. Study variables included age, sex, type of DM, time since the onset of DM, and glycosylated hemoglobin. As the dependent variable, the frequency of symptoms which have been related to the presence of xerostomia was assessed using the Xerostomia Inventory, translated into Spanish from the original English version.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This consists of 11 questions on symptoms related to dry mouth. Answers to each of the questions were “hardly ever” (1 point), “occasionally” (2 points), and “fairly often/very often” (3 points). The patients completed the questionnaire after the medical visit as previously instructed by the physician in charge. Laboratory tests were always performed after fasting for 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Exclusion criteria included: age older than 65 years, smoking, the use of drugs related to the occurrence of xerostomia, a history of radiation to the head and neck, and diseases causing dry mouth. The statistical software used was SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> version 15.0. Quantitative variables are given as mean and standard deviation, and dichotomic variables as percentages. Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test was used to study differences in total score in the Xerostomia Inventory between patients with or without diabetes.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the 100 patients with no DM, 42 (42%) were male and 58 (58%) female. The mean patient age was 41.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.4 years. Of the 100 patients with diabetes, 50 (50%) were male and 50 (50%) female. The mean age of these patients was 49.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.4 years. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in these data. Thirty-six patients with DM (36%) had type DM, and 64 (64%) had type 2 DM. The mean time since DM onset was 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.6 years, and the mean HbA1c was 7.88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.19%. Forty patients (42%) were treated with insulin alone, 37 patients (37%) with oral antidiabetic drugs alone, and 23 patients (23%) with both insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. Individual analysis of each Xerostomia Inventory item revealed statistically significant differences in all of them between DM patients and the control group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). No statistically significant differences were found between patients with T1DM and T2DM. As regards the HbA1c value, a difference was only seen in item 3, where patients with HbA1c greater than 7% had higher scores as compared to those with HbA1c levels of 7% or less (Chi-square test: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.037). No significant differences were found either as regards time since DM onset between patients with 10 or fewer years and those with 10 or more years.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xerostomia is a relatively common condition in the general population, with rates ranging from 13% to 63%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Multiple studies show that xerostomia is the most common oral manifestation in diabetic patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> According to Tommasi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> the most common oral manifestations in diabetic patients include xerostomía, a burning sensation, ulcers, pharyngeal candidiasis, cheilitis, lichen planus, salivary gland swelling, gingival problems, periodontal problems, abscesses, and the loss of alveolar bone.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study found a greater prevalence of dry mouth in diabetic as compared to non-diabetic patients, but with no differences by type of DM, time since disease onset, or degree of metabolic control. This association appears to be little recognized. A recent study of 200 young diabetic patients with a mean age of 42 years, 58% of whom had T2DM, found that only 14% of them visited their dentists annually.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Investigating awareness of the general complications associated with the disease, they found that 90% of patients had been advised on coronary disease and 85% on kidney disease, but only 50% were aware of the risk of periodontitis, tooth decay, and oral infections. Moreover, 76% of patients had dry mouth, and only 30% of these had been warned about the potential consequences of dry mouth on their oral health.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has several limitations. First of all, the translated version of the Xerostomia Inventory has not been validated in Spanish. In addition, a hospital sample was used, which limits the generalizability of our results. The difficulty of measuring the degree of xerostomia, which is based on subjective sensations, should also be taken into consideration.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, xerostomia is a common manifestation in diabetic patients which, according to the published studies, appears to have an influence on the occurrence of periodontal disease. Despite this, the association is not sufficiently recognized, which makes early diagnosis and adequate treatment of the condition difficult. Because of the high frequency and significance of this disease, we recommend that further studies be conducted and that more information be provided to both healthcare professionals and patients.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for this research.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authorship</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study conception and design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing, and critical review: Cristina Navea Aguilera.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection, data analysis, and critical review: M. Guadalupe Guijarro de Armas, María Merino Viveros, and Clara Torán Ranero.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study conception and design, data collection, critical review, and approval of the final version for publication: Susana Monereo Megías.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Navea Aguilera C, Guijarro de Armas MG, Monereo Megías S, Merino Viveros M, Torán Ranero C. Relación entre xerostomía y diabetes mellitus: una complicación poco conocida. Endocrinol Nutr. 2015;62:45–46.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diabetes mellitus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span 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\t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">119 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">143 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">147 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">145 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">191 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">173 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">126 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">187 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab641400.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall score in the Xerostomia Inventory.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 November | 14 | 1 | 15 |
2024 October | 155 | 17 | 172 |
2024 September | 161 | 17 | 178 |
2024 August | 113 | 5 | 118 |
2024 July | 105 | 23 | 128 |
2024 June | 131 | 16 | 147 |
2024 May | 138 | 22 | 160 |
2024 April | 149 | 30 | 179 |
2024 March | 130 | 30 | 160 |
2024 February | 84 | 13 | 97 |
2024 January | 129 | 22 | 151 |
2023 December | 153 | 35 | 188 |
2023 November | 197 | 34 | 231 |
2023 October | 220 | 40 | 260 |
2023 September | 129 | 20 | 149 |
2023 August | 144 | 17 | 161 |
2023 July | 129 | 24 | 153 |
2023 June | 142 | 18 | 160 |
2023 May | 156 | 16 | 172 |
2023 April | 98 | 15 | 113 |
2023 March | 176 | 32 | 208 |
2023 February | 70 | 14 | 84 |
2023 January | 143 | 16 | 159 |
2022 December | 103 | 23 | 126 |
2022 November | 94 | 26 | 120 |
2022 October | 80 | 18 | 98 |
2022 September | 57 | 19 | 76 |
2022 August | 56 | 10 | 66 |
2022 July | 41 | 19 | 60 |
2022 June | 55 | 17 | 72 |
2022 May | 84 | 36 | 120 |
2022 April | 77 | 17 | 94 |
2022 March | 112 | 21 | 133 |
2022 February | 101 | 20 | 121 |
2022 January | 126 | 13 | 139 |
2021 December | 112 | 34 | 146 |
2021 November | 119 | 33 | 152 |
2021 October | 130 | 37 | 167 |
2021 September | 74 | 31 | 105 |
2021 August | 88 | 22 | 110 |
2021 July | 63 | 30 | 93 |
2021 June | 90 | 20 | 110 |
2021 May | 107 | 28 | 135 |
2021 April | 295 | 39 | 334 |
2021 March | 120 | 24 | 144 |
2021 February | 124 | 17 | 141 |
2021 January | 106 | 23 | 129 |
2020 December | 126 | 27 | 153 |
2020 November | 133 | 15 | 148 |
2020 October | 60 | 11 | 71 |
2020 September | 51 | 25 | 76 |
2020 August | 70 | 9 | 79 |
2020 July | 45 | 13 | 58 |
2020 June | 46 | 18 | 64 |
2020 May | 79 | 27 | 106 |
2020 April | 74 | 16 | 90 |
2020 March | 75 | 16 | 91 |
2020 February | 82 | 10 | 92 |
2020 January | 81 | 13 | 94 |
2019 December | 72 | 32 | 104 |
2019 November | 85 | 9 | 94 |
2019 October | 104 | 20 | 124 |
2019 September | 59 | 5 | 64 |
2019 August | 61 | 11 | 72 |
2019 July | 53 | 20 | 73 |
2019 June | 104 | 22 | 126 |
2019 May | 304 | 37 | 341 |
2019 April | 110 | 16 | 126 |
2019 March | 37 | 9 | 46 |
2019 February | 40 | 8 | 48 |
2019 January | 29 | 9 | 38 |
2018 December | 21 | 4 | 25 |
2018 November | 26 | 3 | 29 |
2018 October | 27 | 6 | 33 |
2018 September | 31 | 5 | 36 |
2018 August | 8 | 3 | 11 |
2018 July | 9 | 5 | 14 |
2018 June | 4 | 2 | 6 |
2018 May | 9 | 3 | 12 |
2018 April | 17 | 3 | 20 |
2018 March | 8 | 2 | 10 |
2018 February | 38 | 1 | 39 |
2018 January | 21 | 0 | 21 |
2017 December | 28 | 1 | 29 |
2017 November | 20 | 3 | 23 |
2017 October | 12 | 5 | 17 |
2017 September | 13 | 6 | 19 |
2017 August | 12 | 2 | 14 |
2017 July | 14 | 0 | 14 |
2017 June | 24 | 4 | 28 |
2017 May | 33 | 18 | 51 |
2017 April | 26 | 11 | 37 |
2017 March | 31 | 4 | 35 |
2017 February | 57 | 5 | 62 |
2017 January | 24 | 2 | 26 |
2016 December | 31 | 5 | 36 |
2016 November | 39 | 9 | 48 |
2016 October | 33 | 7 | 40 |
2016 September | 28 | 8 | 36 |
2016 August | 24 | 5 | 29 |
2016 July | 21 | 4 | 25 |
2016 June | 29 | 10 | 39 |
2016 May | 17 | 3 | 20 |
2016 April | 15 | 8 | 23 |
2016 March | 28 | 16 | 44 |
2016 February | 34 | 10 | 44 |
2016 January | 29 | 5 | 34 |
2015 December | 35 | 12 | 47 |
2015 November | 20 | 7 | 27 |
2015 October | 1 | 1 | 2 |
2015 February | 0 | 1 | 1 |