Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Utilidad de la tonometría por aire en el diagnóstico de la isquemia intestinal...
Journal Information
Vol. 70. Issue 3.
Pages 129-132 (September 2001)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 70. Issue 3.
Pages 129-132 (September 2001)
Full text access
Utilidad de la tonometría por aire en el diagnóstico de la isquemia intestinal experimental
Utility of air tonometry in the diagnosis of experimental intestinal ischemia
Visits
6237
J. de Tomás1, F. Turégano, J. Perea
Sección de Cirugía de Urgencias
A. Bardina*
* Departamento de Anestesiología y Reanimación. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
This item has received
Article information
Resumen
Introducción

La utilidad del tonómetro por aire en el estudio de la isquemia del tubo digestivo está siendo evaluada en los últimos años. Su principio básico consiste en medir la PCO2 del aire que hay en una sonda colocada en el interior de una víscera hueca, asumiendo que dicho valor equivale a la presión regional de CO2 (PrCO2). Con ella se puede calcular el pH intramucoso (pHi) del órgano estudiado. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la fiabilidad del tonómetro aéreo en diversas situaciones de isquemia intestinal.

Material y métodos

Se ha desarrollado un modelo experimental con cerdos “mini-pig” entre 40 y 60 kg de peso distribuidos en 3 grupos diferentes: grupo A, (n = 4) pinzamiento total de la arteria mesentérica superior (AMS) durante 1 h con tonometría gástrica e intestinal realizada al mismo tiempo; grupo B (n = 4), pinzamiento total de la AMS durante 2 h con tonometría intestinal exclusivamente, y grupo C (n = 5), pinzamiento parcial (30% de flujo residual) de la AMS durante 3 h con tonometría intestinal. La reducción parcial del flujo en la AMS se cuantificó mediante una sonda perivascular conectada a un medidor de flujo por ultrasonidos. En el análisis estadístico de los resultados se aplicó el test de Friedman.

Resultados

En el grupo A no hubo cambios significativos de los parámetros gástricos analizados a lo largo del tiempo (p > 0,1); sin embargo, el tonómetro intestinal sí detectó cambios casi significativos (p = 0,05) con respecto al pHi, PrCO2 y GAP. En el grupo B se observaron resultados similares con el tonómetro intestinal alcanzando en la mayoría de los cerdos el valor máximo detectable de PrCO2 al final de la primera hora. En el grupo C las diferencias fueron casi significativas (p = 0,07) y el pHi intestinal se estabilizó durante la última hora.

Conclusiones

La utilidad de la tonometría gástrica por aire en el diagnóstico precoz de la isquemia intestinal resulta significativamente inferior si se compara con la tonometría intestinal. La tonometría por aire es capaz de medir sensiblemente los cambios en la PrCO2 del tubo digestivo hasta alcanzar los valores máximos cuantificables por este aparato. La tonometría aérea puede ser aplicada clínicamente para detectar de forma temprana condiciones de bajo flujo en vísceras huecas.

Palabras clave:
Tonometría aérea
Isquemia intestinal
pH intramucoso
Cerdos
Monitorización
Introduction

In the last few years, the utility of air tonometry in the study of digestive tube ischemia has been evaluated. This technique is based on measuring the PCO2 of the air in the catheter inserted inside a hollow viscera, assuming that the value obtained equals the regional CO2 pressure (PrCO2). Using this pressure, the intramuscular pH (pHi) of the organ under study can be calculated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of air tonometry in different situations of intestinal ischemia.

Material and methods

We developed an experimental model with mini-pigs, weighing between 40 and 60 kg. The pigs were divided into three groups: group A (n = 4) underwent total clamping of the superior mesenteric artery for 1 hour and simultaneous gastric and intestinal tonometry; group B (n = 4) underwent total clamping of the superior mesenteric artery for 2 hours and intestinal tonometry only, and group C (n = 5) underwent partial clamping (30% residual flow) of the superior mesenteric artery for 3 hours and intestinal tonometry. The partial reduction of flow in the superior mesenteric artery was quantified by a perivascular catheter connected to an ultrasound flow measuring device. Friedman’s test was used to analyze the results.

Results

In group A no significant changes in the gastric parameters analyzed were found throughout the time period (p > 0.1). However, intestinal tonometry detected nearly significant changes (p = 0.05) in pHi, PrCO2 and GAP. Similar results were observed in group B; in most of the pigs intestinal tonometry reached the maximum detectable value of PrCO2 at the end of the first hour. In group C the differences were almost significant (p = 0.07) and intestinal pHi stabilized in the final hour.

Conclusions

The utility of gastric air tonometry in the early diagnosis of intestinal ischemia is significantly lower than that of intestinal tonometry. Air tonometry is able to sensitively measure changes in the PrCO2 of the digestive tube until reaching the maximal values quantifiable by this device. Air tonometry may be clinically used in the early detection of conditions of low flow in hollow viscera.

Key words:
Air tonometry
Intestinal ischemia
Intramucosal pH
Pigs
Monitoring
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.B. Antonsson, C.C. Boyle III, K.L. Kruithoff, H. Wang, E. Sacristán, H.R. Rothschild, et al.
Validation of tonometric measurement of gut intramural pH during endotoxemia and mesenteric occlusion in pigs.
Am J Physiol, 259 (1990), pp. G519-G523
[2.]
G. Knichwitz, J. Rötker, T. Möllhoff, K.D. Richter, T. Brüssel.
Continuous intramucosal PCO2 measurement allows the early detection of intestinal malperfusion.
Crit Care Med, 26 (1998), pp. 1550-1557
[3.]
J.W. Poole, R.J. Sammartano, S.J. Boley.
The use of tonometry in the early diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia.
Curr Surg, 44 (1987), pp. 21-24
[4.]
A. Montgomery, M. Hartmann, K. Jonsson, U. Haglund.
Intramucosal pH measurement with tonometers for detecting gastrointestinal ischemia in porcine hemorragic shock.
Circ Shock, 29 (1989), pp. 319-327
[5.]
R.G. Fiddian-Green, G. Pittenger, W.M. Whitehouse.
Back diffusion of CO2 and its influence on the intramural pH in gastric mucosa.
J Surg Res, 33 (1982), pp. 39-48
[6.]
G. Tzlepis, V. Kadas, A. Michalapoulos, S. Geroulanos.
Comparison of gastric air tonometry with standard saline tonometry.
Intensive Care med, 22 (1996), pp. 1239-1243
[7.]
A.L. Salzman, K.E. Strong, H. Wang, P.S. Wollert, T.J. Vandermeer, M.P. Finn.
Intraluminal “balloonless” air tonometry: a new method for determination of gastrointestinal mucosal carbon dioxide tension.
Crit Care Med, 22 (1994), pp. 126-134
[8.]
J.J. Kolkman, L.J. Zwaarekant, K. Boshuizen, A.b. Groeneveld, S.G. Meuwissen.
In vitro evaluation of intragastric PCO2 measurement by air tonometry.
J Clin Monit, 13 (1997), pp. 15-119
[9.]
J. Creteur, D. De Backer, J.L. Vincent.
Monitoring gastric mucosal carbon dioxide pressure using gas tonometry: in vitro and in vivo validation studies.
Anesthesiol, 87 (1997), pp. 504-510
[10.]
P.O. Heinonen, I.T. Jousela, K.A. Blomqvist, K.T. Olkkola, O.S. Takkunen.
Validation of air tonometric measurement of gastric regional concentrations of CO2 in critically ill septic patients.
Intensive Care Med, 23 (1997), pp. 524-529
[11.]
B. Temmesfeld-Wollbruck, A. Szalay, H. Olschewski, F. Grimminger, W. Seeger.
Advantage of buffered solutions or automated capnometry air-filled balloons for use in gastric tonometry.
Intensive Care Med, 23 (1997), pp. 423-427
[12.]
D.E. Taylor, G. Gutiérrez, C. Clark, S. Hainley.
Measurement of gastric mucosal carbon dioxide tension by saline and air tonometry.
J Crit Care, 12 (1997), pp. 208-213
[13.]
U. Janssens, J. Graf, K.C. Koch, P. Hanrath.
Gastric tonometry: in vivo comparision of saline and air tonometry in patients with cardiogenic shock.
Br J Anaesth, 81 (1998), pp. 676-680
[14.]
B. Venkatesh, J. Morgan, R.D. Jones, A. Clague.
Validation of air as equilibration medium in gastric tonometry: an in vivo evaluation of two techniques for measuring PCO2.
Anaesth Intensive Care, 26 (1998), pp. 46-50
[15.]
B. Barry, A. Mallick, G. Hartley, A. Bodenham, M. Vucevic.
Comparison of air tonometry with gastric tonometry using saline and other equilibrating fluids: an in vivo and in vitro study.
Intensive Care Med, 24 (1998), pp. 777-784
[16.]
G. Gutiérrez, F. Palizas, G. Doglio, N. Wainsztein, A. Gallesio, J. Pacin, et al.
Gastric intramucosal pH as a therapeutic index of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients.
Lancet, 339 (1992), pp. 195-199
[17.]
E. Bennett-Guerrero, M.H. Panah, C.A. Bodian, B.J. Methikalam, J.R. Alfarone, M. De Perio, et al.
Automated detection of gastric luminal partial pressure of carbon dioxide during cardiovascular surgery using the Tonocap.
Anesthesiol, 92 (2000), pp. 38-45
[18.]
G. Lebuffe, C. Decoene, A. Pol, A. Prat, B. Vallet.
Regional capnometry with air-automated tonometry detects circulatory failure earlier than conventional hemodynamics after cardiac surgery.
Anesth Analg, 89 (1999), pp. 1084-1090
[19.]
C.V. Soong, M.I. Halliday, J.M. Hood, B.J. Rowlands, A.A. Barros-D’Sa.
The use of tonometry to predict mortality in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 15 (1998), pp. 24-28
[20.]
E.H. Bergofsky.
Determinations of tissue O2 tensions by hollow visceral tonometers: effect of breathing enriched O2 mixtures.
J Clin Invest, 43 (1964), pp. 193-200
[21.]
U. Ruettimann, A. Urwyler, M. Von Flue, D. Reinhardt, H. Pargger.
Gastric intramucosal pH as a monitor of gut perfusion after thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 43 (1999), pp. 780-783
[22.]
M.E. Campbell, J.E. Van Aerde, P.Y. Cheung, D.C. Mayes.
Tonometry to estimate intestinal perfusion in newborn piglets.
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 81 (1999), pp. F105-F109
[23.]
Knichwitz G, Rotker J, Brussel T, Kuhmann M, Mertes N, Mollhoff D. A new method for continuous intramucosal PCO2 measurement
Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Article options
Tools
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos