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Vol. 75. Issue 4.
Pages 171-178 (April 2004)
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Vol. 75. Issue 4.
Pages 171-178 (April 2004)
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Toracotomía de emergencia: una evaluación crítica de la técnica
Emergency room thoracotomy: A critical assessment of the technique
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8483
Juan A. Asensio1
Corresponding author
asensio@hsc.usc.edu

Correspondencia: Dr. J.A. Asensio. Associate Professor of Surgery. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine. Senior Attending Surgeon. Division of Trauma and Critical Care. Department of Surgery. LAC+USC Medical Center. 1200 North State Street, Room 10-750, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4525, USA.
, Gloria O’Shanahan, Patrizio Petrone, David Costa, Álvaro Robin-Lersundi, Brian J. Kimbrell
Division of Trauma and Critical Care. Department of Surgery. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine. LAC+USC Medical Center. Los Angeles. California. USA.
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Resumen
Objetivo

Análisis de la bibliografía y del estado actual de la toracotomía de emergencia.

Obtención de los datos

Revisión de la bibliografía, desde las primeras experiencias en su utilización hasta los estudios más recientes en el área.

Resultados

Desde su introducción en la década de los sesenta, su uso se ha extendido de forma considerable y forma parte de los protocolos de reanimación cardiopulmonar en todos los centros de politraumatizados norteamericanos. En 42 series analizadas sobre toracotomía de emergencia se hallaron 7.035 procedimientos, de los cuales sobrevivieron 551 (7,8%). Según el mecanismo de lesión, se realizaron 4.482 toracotomías por lesiones penetrantes, de las que sobrevivieron 500 pacientes (11,1%), y 2.193 toracotomías por lesiones contusas, de las que sobrevivieron 35 (1,6%). En las 14 series que comunicaban el pronóstico neurológico se registraron 4.520 pacientes con 226 sobrevivientes (5%), de los que 34 (15%) presentaban secuelas neurológicas. Además, de 1.165 pacientes con lesiones cardíacas penetrantes hubo 363 (31,1%) supervivientes. Por último, de 4 series sobre población pediátrica se hallaron 142 pacientes, de los cuales 57 fueron por lesiones penetrantes, con una tasa de supervivencia del 12,2%.

Conclusión

Es una técnica muy útil para el cirujano, que debe emplearse de forma prudente y juiciosa, y con indicaciones muy estrictas, ya que su uso de forma indiscriminada lleva asociada una elevada tasa de mortalidad y morbilidad. A pesar de estos riesgos, es una maniobra útil y con frecuencia la última esperanza para muchos pacientes que llegan a los servicios de urgencias en condiciones extremas, y debe practicarse por cirujanos apropiadamente entrenados en esta técnica.

Palabras clave:
Toracotomía de emergencia
Lesión torácica
Lesión cardíaca
Lesión pulmonar
Objective

To analyze the literature on the current status of emergency room thoracotomy.

Data collection

Review of the literature, from the first experiences of using this technique to the most recent studies.

Results

Since its introduction in the 1960s, the use of emergency room thoracotomy has become widespread and it is now part of the resuscitation protocols in all North American trauma centers. Forty-two series were analyzed and 7,035 procedures were found, with 551 survivors (7.8%). According to the mechanism of injury, 4,482 thoracotomies were performed for penetrating injuries, with 500 survivors (11.1%), and 2,193 thoracotomies were performed for blunt trauma, with 35 survivors (1.6%). In the 14 series that reported neurological outcome, there were 4,520 patients who underwent emergency room thoracotomy with 226 survivors (5%), of whom 34 (15%) experienced neurological sequelae and complications. Of the 1,165 patients who underwent emergency room thoracotomy for cardiac injuries, 363 (31.1%) survived. Four series describe emergency room thoracotomy in the pediatric population; 142 patients underwent this procedure, of which 57 were due to penetrating injuries, with a survival rate of 12.2%.

Conclusion

Emergency room thoracotomy is a valuable tool for the trauma surgeon that should be employed judiciously, and with strict indications since its indiscriminate use is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality rates. Despite these risks, emergency room thoracotomy remains the last hope for many patients that arrive “in extremis”. This procedure must be performed by surgeons with appropriate training in the use of this technique.

Key words:
Emergency room thoracotomy
Thoracic injury
Heart injury
Lung injury
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Bibliografía
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Copyright © 2004. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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