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Vol. 88. Issue 12.
Pages 458-465 (December 2013)
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Vol. 88. Issue 12.
Pages 458-465 (December 2013)
Original article
Spectrum and susceptibility of preoperative conjunctival bacteria
Espectro y susceptibilidad de las bacterias conjuntivales preoperatorias
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1157
M.E. Fernández-Rubioa,
Corresponding author
, T. Cuesta-Rodríguezb, J.L. Urcelay-Segurab, C. Cortés-Valdésb
a Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto Oftálmico, Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Percentage of conjunctival bacteria isolated in 6051 consecutive presurgery cultures from February 21, 2011 to April one, 2013 and proportion of antibiograms.
Table 2. Sensitivity to antibiotics of gram-positive bacteria which most frequently colonize the conjunctiva.
Table 3. Sensitivity to antibiotics of respiratory system-originated bacteria isolated in the conjunctiva of 6051 presurgery cultures.
Table 4. Sensitivity to antibiotics of aerobic gram-negative bacilli isolated in the conjunctiva of 6051 presurgery cultures.
Table 5. Percentages of sensitivity by several antibiotics of the 3637 regrouped antibiograms.
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Abstract
Purpose

To describe the conjunctival bacterial spectrum of our patients undergoing intraocular surgery and their antibiotic sensitivity during the study period.

Methods

A retrospective study of preoperative conjunctival culture of patients consecutively scheduled for intraocular surgery from 21 February 2011 to 1 April 2013. Specimens were directly seeded onto blood-agar and MacConkey-agar (aerobiosis incubation, 2 days), and on chocolate-agar (6% CO2 incubation, 7 days). The identified bacteria were divided into 3 groups according to their origin; the bacteria susceptibility tests were performed on those more pathogenic and on some of the less pathogenic when more than 5 colonies were isolated. The sensitivity of the exigent growing bacteria was obtained with disk diffusion technique, and for of the non-exigent bacteria by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration. The Epidat 3.1 program was used for statistical calculations.

Results

A total of 13,203 bacteria were identified in 6051 cultures, with 88.7% being typical colonizers of conjunctiva (group 1), 8.8% typical of airways (group 2), and the remaining 2.5% of undetermined origin (group 3). 530 cultures (8.8%) were sterile. The sensitivity of group 1 was: 99% vancomycin, 95% rifampicin, 87% chloramphenicol, 76% tetracycline. Levels of co-trimoxazole, aminoglycosides, quinolones, β-lactams and macrolides decreased since 2007. The group 2 was very sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. In group 3, to levofloxacin 93%, ciprofloxacin 89%, tobramycin 76%, but ceftazidime 53% and cefuroxime 29% decreased.

Conclusions

None of the tested antibiotics could eradicate all possible conjunctival bacteria. Bacteria living permanently on the conjunctiva (group 1) have achieved higher resistance than the eventual colonizers.

Keywords:
Conjunctival bacteria
Antibiotic susceptibility
Surgical prophylaxis
Bacteria colonizers
Conjunctival colonizers
Postoperative endophthalmitis
Resumen
Objetivo

Describir el espectro bacteriano conjuntival de nuestros pacientes admitidos a cirugía intraocular y la sensibilidad a antibióticos en el periodo estudiado.

Métodos

Estudio retrospectivo del cultivo conjuntival preoperatorio de pacientes consecutivos programados para cirugía intraocular del 21 de febrero de 2011 al 1 de abril de 2013. Las muestras se sembraron directamente en agar-sangre y agar-MacConkey (incubación, 2 días en aerobiosis), y en agar-chocolate (incubación, 7 días con 6% CO2). Las bacterias identificadas se dividieron en tres grupos según su origen, realizándose antibiograma a las más patogénicas y a algunas menos patogénicas cuando se aislaban más de cinco colonias. La sensibilidad de bacterias de crecimiento exigente se obtuvo con técnica de difusión en disco y la de bacterias no-exigentes determinando su concentración mínima inhibitoria.

Resultados

En 6.051 cultivos, se identificaron 13.203 bacterias; el 88,7% eran típicas colonizadoras de conjuntiva (grupo 1); el 8,8%, típicas de vías respiratorias (grupo 2); el 2,5% restante, de origen indeterminado (grupo 3). Un total de 530 muestras (8,8%) fueron estériles. La sensibilidad del grupo 1 fue: vancomicina 99%, rifampicina 95%, cloranfenicol 87%, tetraciclina 76%; los niveles de cotrimoxazol, aminoglucósidos, quinolonas, β-lactámicos y macrólidos decrecieron desde 2007. El grupo 2 fue muy sensible a cloranfenicol, cefuroxima, cefotaxima, rifampicina, ciprofloxacina y amoxicilina-clavulanato. En grupo 3, levofloxacina 93%, ciprofloxacina 89%, tobramicina 76%; pero ceztazidima 53% y cefuroxima 29% decrecieron.

Conclusiones

Ninguno de los antibióticos probados puede eliminar todas las bacterias conjuntivales. Aquellas que viven permanentemente en la conjuntiva (grupo 1) han adquirido mayor resistencia que los colonizadores eventuales.

Palabras clave:
Bacterias conjuntivales
Susceptibilidad antibiótica
Profilaxis quirúrgica
Bacterias colonizadoras
Colonizadores conjuntivales
Endoftalmitis postoperatoria

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