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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Audiological evaluation (128–20,000Hz) in women with autoimmune thyroiditis: T...
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Vol. 74. Issue 1.
Pages 1-68 (January - February 2023)
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Vol. 74. Issue 1.
Pages 1-68 (January - February 2023)
Review article

Audiological evaluation (128–20,000Hz) in women with autoimmune thyroiditis: The role of antibodies vs. l-thyroxine deficiency

Estudio de la audición (128–20.000Hz) en mujeres con tiroiditis autoinmune: papel de los anticuerpos frente al déficit de hormona tiroidea
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Oscar Luis Álvarez Montero
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olamontero@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Antonio Rodríguez Valiente, Carmen Górriz Gil, José Ramón García Berrocal
Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Background and aim

Although sensorineural hearing loss may have different aetiologies, we focused on autoimmune hearing loss since it may be reversible with corticosteroid therapy; this entity is sometimes associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis shows antibodies and may be harmful to hearing thresholds regardless of hypothyroidism effect. To date this effect has not been sufficiently studied and never with extended high frequencies. The aim of this work is to study by age groups whether hearing thresholds in the human auditory range (128–20,000Hz) are affected in Hashimoto’s disease.

Materials and Methods

Two groups of 128 patients affected by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis were included. First group: patients with pathological antithyroid antibodies who do not need L-thyroxine treatment. Second group: patients controlled with L-thyroxine substitutive treatment. Audiometric threshold study comparing between the groups of patients and a group of 209 controls was performed. All patients underwent complete otorhinolaryngological examination, antithyroid antibodies, TSH, T3 and T4 blood levels, tympanometry, conventional pure-tone audiometry, and extended-high-frequency audiometry.

Results

All patients were women. Both groups showed worst audiometric thresholds than the control group; both study groups showed worse hearing than controls, this difference was statistically significant in all frequencies. In the 8−20kHz frequency range, this difference was more than 10dB, and in the 9−16kHz and 20kHz range this difference was more than 20dB. When separated by age groups, in younger subjects (20–29 years) these differences were found in all frequencies, except for conversational frequencies (500−4,000Hz); between 30 and 49 years the difference is statistically significant in all frequencies; and from 50 to 69 years differences are found, especially in the conversational frequencies.

Conclusions

This first work studying the human auditory range in the chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis confirms that hearing loss related to the autoimmune disorder predominates at extended-high-frequencies initially. But ends up involving all frequencies in pure-tone conventional audiometry, then it may be detected in routine clinical tests. These results support the role of extended-high-frequencies audiometry to diagnose subclinical hearing loss in patients affected by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Keywords:
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s disease
Immune-mediated inner ear disease
Autoimmune hearing loss
Antithyroid antibodies
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

Hay muchas causas de hipoacusia neurosensorial, entre las que tiene especial interés la patología autoinmune del oído interno por su posible reversibilidad con tratamiento esteroideo, a veces asociada a enfermedades sistémicas autoinmunes. La tiroiditis crónica autoinmune o de Hashimoto (TA) presenta anticuerpos que podrían afectar al oído interno independientemente del hipotiroidismo, efecto que no ha sido suficientemente estudiado y nunca con audiometría con extensión en altas frecuencias.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar si existe afectación de los umbrales auditivos en pacientes de TA, sin hipotiroidismo, en la totalidad del espectro auditivo humano (128Hz–20kHz) distribuido por grupos de edad.

Materiales y métodos

Se han seleccionado 128 pacientes divididos en dos grupos. El primer grupo de pacientes presenta anticuerpos antitiroideos elevados sin necesitar tratamiento sustitutivo con tiroxina. El segundo grupo con tratamiento sustitutivo con tiroxina, bien controlados. Se comparan con el grupo control (GC) de 209 pacientes. En todos se realizó historia clínica, exploración otológica, estudio de niveles de anticuerpos antitiroideos, TSH, T3 y T4 libres, timpanograma, estudio audiométrico convencional y con extensión en altas frecuencias.

Resultados

Todos los pacientes fueron mujeres. Ambos grupos mostraron peor audición que los controles, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa en todas las frecuencias; en el rango de frecuencias de 8–20kHz con una diferencia de más de 10dB, y en los rangos de 9−16kHz y de 20kHz de más de 20dB.

Cuando se clasifican por grupos de edad, en los sujetos más jóvenes (20–29 años) estas diferencias se encuentran en todas las frecuencias, exceptuando las conversacionales (500–4.000Hz); entre 30 y 49 años la diferencia es estadísticamente significativa en todas las frecuencias; y de 50 a 69 años las diferencias las encontramos especialmente en las frecuencias conversacionales.

Conclusiones

Este primer trabajo estudiando la totalidad del espectro auditivo en la tiroiditis de Hashimoto confirma que la hipoacusia, en relación con el trastorno autoinmune, predomina su afectación inicialmente en extensión en altas frecuencias y que posiblemente esa hipoacusia se prolonga hasta afectar a las frecuencias convencionales; que es el momento en el que se detecta en la clínica habitual. Estos resultados destacan el papel de la audiometría con extensión en altas frecuencias para diagnosticar la hipoacusia subclínica en pacientes con TA.

Palabras clave:
Tiroiditis autoinmune
Enfermedad de Hashimoto
Enfermedad inmunomediada del oído interno
Anticuerpos antitiroideos
Hipoacusia autoinmune

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