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Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Valoración y tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves
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Vol. 51. Núm. 2.
Páginas 60-66 (Febrero 2004)
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Vol. 51. Núm. 2.
Páginas 60-66 (Febrero 2004)
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Valoración y tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves
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32556
J.M. Gómez
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jmgs@csub.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J.M. Gómez Sáez. Sabino de Arana, 40, 3.° 2.a. 08028 Barcelona. España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
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La oftalmopatía de Graves es una enfermedad autoinmunitaria y un componente de la enfermedad de Graves. Se trata de un proceso confinado a la órbita donde el tejido conectivo se inflama y acumula glucosaminoglucanos. A pesar de los avances en el conocimiento de su patogenia, el tratamiento todavía no es satisfactorio. La investigación clínica se ha visto dificultada por su característica historia natural multifásica. Un avance considerable en su caracterización, durante la última década, es la diferenciación entre actividad de la enfermedad en contraposición a su gravedad, así como la necesidad de distinguir los componentes objetivos de la enfermedad y su impacto psicosocial. El abordaje médico de la oftalmopatía de Graves sigue siendo un reto. El tratamiento con glucocorticoides es beneficioso en pacientes con enfermedad activa y es el único aceptado como eficaz. Se han probado diversos fármacos, pero pocos han sido objeto de una investigación científica rigurosa. La radioterapia orbitaria con acelerador lineal es un procedimiento establecido para los casos avanzados de oftalmopatía de Graves y se tolera bien. Las dosis acumuladas propuestas son variables, y suelen ser de 20 Gy en 2 semanas. La combinación de radioterapia y glucocorticoides proporciona mejores resultados que ambos de forma aislada. Las principales actitudes quirúrgicas son: la descompresión orbitaria para el exoftalmos, la cirugía extraocular para la diplopía y la cirugía palpebral para diferentes trastornos del segmento anterior del ojo. La oftalmopatía de Graves puede aparecer antes, concomitantemente o después del hipertiroidismo. Se puede considerar que el tratamiento con tionamidas del hipertiroidismo se acompaña de mejoría en la enfermedad ocular; que tras la administración de radioyodo, ésta puede empeorar, y que la tiroidectomía no tiene efecto en la progresión de la enfermedad.

Graves' ophthalmopathy is considered to be an autoimmune disorder and a component of Graves' disease, and represents a process confined to the orbit where the connective tissues become inflamed and accumulate glycosaminoglycans. Despite recent progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis, treatment remains unsatisfactory. Clinical research into Graves' ophthalmopathy has been hampered by its characteristic multiphasic natural history. A notable advance in the last decade has been appreciation of the concept of disease activity as opposed to severity and the need to distinguish between objective components of the disease and its psychosocial impact on the individual. The medical treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy continues to pose a challenge. Systemic steroids seem to be beneficial in patients with active disease and are still the only drug therapy widely accepted as effective. Numerous drugs have been tried but few have been subjected to rigorous scientific investigation. Orbital radiotherapy with supervoltage linear accelerators is a well-established method of treatment for advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy and is well tolerated. The cumulative doses recommended vary but 20 Gy delivered over two weeks is usually used. Orbital radiotherapy is well tolerated and safe. The combination of irradiation with highdose systemic glucocorticoids provides better results than either treatment alone. The main surgical procedures used are orbital decompression for the exophthalmos, extraocular muscle surgery for diplopia and eyelid surgery for various kinds of anterior segment disease of Graves' ophthalmopathy. The disease may occur before, concomitantly with, or after the onset of hyperthyroidism. To summarize the information on the effects of treatment of hyperthyroidism, restoration of euthyroidism by thionamides is associated with an amelioration of eye disease. Progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy has been observed after radioiodine treatment, and thyroidectomy per se seems to carry a very low risk, if any, of causing Graves' ophthalmopathy progression.

Palabras clave:
Cirugía oftálmica
Glucocorticoides
Oftalmopatía de Graves
Radioterapia orbitaria
Tionamidas
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