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Erythematous papules and reticulate hyperpigmentation on the abdomen and back.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prurigo pigmentosa is a disease, first described in 1971, which typically presents with erythematous, pruritic, symmetrical, reticulate, erythematous macules or papules, mostly on the trunk, which resolve with hyperpigmentation. Its exact aetiology is unknown; in 1996 it was first linked to ketosis. Most of the published cases come from East Asia, mainly Japan. It is thought to be under-reported in other areas due to lack of knowledge rather than racial predisposition. We report the case of a patient with diabetic onset, ketosis and prurigo pigmentosa.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An 18-year-old male, Spanish, Caucasian, with no relevant medical history, visited his primary care physician for a one-month history of polyuria, polydipsia and unquantified weight loss. Laboratory tests showed hyperglycaemia (508<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl) and elevated glycated haemoglobin (15.3%), as well as glycosuria (3+) and ketonuria (2+); no acidosis in venous blood gas analysis. He was referred to the emergency department, from where he was admitted to endocrinology for diabetic onset. Diabetes correction measures and basal-bolus insulin regimen were started. On the other hand, the patient had pruritic skin lesions on the trunk which had developed over the same period of time and had not resolved after the application of topical corticosteroids. For this reason, he was evaluated by the dermatology service during admission. Examination revealed erythematous papules and reticulate hyperpigmentation on the abdomen and back (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Given the typical clinical features and the patient's state of ketosis, he was diagnosed with prurigo pigmentosa. The skin lesions improved in parallel with the control of ketosis, with complete resolution after one month.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prurigo pigmentosa is a rare disease, although possibly underreported. A recent review of the English literature found a total of 369 patients with this condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The aetiology of prurigo pigmentosa is not known exactly, but it seems that ketosis plays a crucial role, either due to dietary restrictions or diseases such as diabetes mellitus, among other reasons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The main hypothesis is that ketone bodies accumulate around blood vessels, with subsequent perivascular inflammation and neutrophilic infiltrate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The clinical presentation is characteristic, highlighting the reticulate distribution of the lesions and the location on the neck and trunk, allowing the diagnosis to be made without further tests depending on the context. In the initial phases, the differential diagnosis includes contact dermatitis and acute lichenoid and varioliform pityriasis, and in late phases, confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, erythema dyschromicum perstans, erythema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ab igne</span> and macular amyloidosis. If a skin biopsy is performed, the findings depend on the age of the lesions: in early lesions a superficial perivascular neutrophilic infiltrate would be observed whereas in late lesions a lymphocytic infiltrate and melanophages would be identified.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In terms of management, if there is an associated condition such as ketosis, the first step is to correct that condition. Some patients require systemic treatment, with tetracyclines being the most commonly used. Other systemic treatments used include dapsone, colchicine, isotretinoin and macrolides. Topical corticosteroids have no effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reviewing the literature in English, we found 16 cases of prurigo pigmentosa associated with diabetes mellitus. Of these, only three patients were from outside Japan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> and only one was Caucasian.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> There were 9 males and 7 females, with a median age of 18 years (range 12−49 years). Of the 13 patients in whom the type of diabetes mellitus is reported, 11 were type 1 diabetes mellitus. Except for 2 patients with no information, the rest had ketosis, 4 of them associated with acidosis. Most patients presented with cardinal diabetic symptoms before the development of skin lesions, between a few days and up to 4 weeks before. There were 4 patients in whom both types of symptoms started simultaneously, as in our case. Three patients were treated with minocycline, while in the rest the prurigo lesions resolved simply after control of ketosis.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a patient with the typical skin lesions of prurigo pigmentosa, the possibility of a condition that stimulates ketogenesis, such as diabetes mellitus, must be ruled out.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informed consent was obtained from the patient.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no external funding.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in relation to this article.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 956 "Ancho" => 1674 "Tamanyo" => 149527 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prurigo pigmentosa. Erythematous papules and reticulate hyperpigmentation on the abdomen and back.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in prurigo pigmentosa (Nagashima disease): a systematic review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Mufti" 1 => "S. Mirali" 2 => "A. Abduelmula" 3 => "K.A. McDonald" 4 => "S. Alabdulrazzaq" 5 => "M. Sachdeva" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jdin.2021.03.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAAD Int." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "87" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34409375" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ketosis is involved in the origin of prurigo pigmentosa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Y. Teraki" 1 => "E. Teraki" 2 => "M. Kawashima" 3 => "M. Nagashima" 4 => "T. Shiohara" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90460-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol." 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Journal Information
Vol. 160. Issue 1.
Pages 44-45 (January 2023)
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Vol. 160. Issue 1.
Pages 44-45 (January 2023)
Scientific letter
Prurigo pigmentosa associated with diabetic ketosis
Prurigo pigmentoso asociado a cetosis diabética
Elisa Hernández de la Torre-Ruiz
, Inmaculada Balaguer-Franch, Lula María Nieto-Benito
Corresponding author
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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