Difference effect between 1:1 and 1:2 interval anaerobic endurance training on improvement of futsal anaerobic

Abstract

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference effect between 1:1 and 1:2 interval anaerobic endurance training on improvement of futsal anaerobic endurance.

Method

The method used in this study is field experiment with two group pre post test design. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with 20 samples from a population of 30 students, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar, South Sulawesi were willing to participate in this study. The variables of this research were 1:1 interval anaerobic endurance training; 1:2 interval anaerobic endurance training; anaerobic endurance; futsal player.

Result

There is an influence of 1:1 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players. There is an influence of 1:2 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players.

Conclusion

There was no difference in the effect of 1:1 interval and an 1:2 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players.

Introduction

Futsal achievements at State University of Makassar are still experiencing fluctuations. This can be caused by several factors including physical factors, techniques, tactics, strategies, and psychology. The most felt factor for the players is the physical factor, especially anaerobic endurance, because futsal requires a great amount of energy so it must be supported by high anaerobic endurance.

Futsal game is a type of game that requires the ability of complex and high physical conditions, so players must meet these demands if they want to compete at the national, regional and international levels. To meet these physical demands, regular and systematic training and progressive loads are needed. Futsal sports achievements are produced through a program of fostering and increasing achievement gradually and continuously, and must be supported by science and technology, human resources and natural resources in the field of sports. To achieve this achievement, the training must have a maximum increase in physical, technical, tactic and mental aspects. According to Bompa (2018) that in making exercise programs, A trainer must prepare physical factors, techniques, tactics and psychology, because the four factors are interconnected with one another.¹

Training programs for Futsal skill training must be supported by physical aspect training programs such as strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, coordination, balance, agility, power, explosive power, accuracy, speed of reaction and so on, because an athlete will not be able to master maximally a skill without having to be supported by physical components. Early physical aspect training programs should be given to athlete performance improvement programs. According to Bompa, (1990) that one of the goals of physical training is to develop multilateral physical abilities. The concept of multilateral physical development is needed as a basis for training for athletes. This concept is similar to having to have overall physical fitness. The purpose of developing physical abilities multilaterally is: (1) increase general resistance level, (2) increase general strength, (3) develop further speed, (4) increase the general flexibility (flexibility) required in each motion activity, (5) get a high level of coordination so as to obtain harmonization of body movements.²

Endurance training consists of two namely; cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance, both types of endurance is very necessary for futsal players during the game because it plays a role in supporting blood to the muscles that work and form ATP in a fast time with high intensity. Anaerobic training exercises consist of two exercises namely anaerobic and aerobic training exercises. Anaerobic training is a form of training given to high-intensity futsal players with fast and short time. While aerobics training is a form of training given to futsal players for a long time or long distances with low intensity.

Anaerobic endurance training is really needed by a futsal player because futsal is one of the sports that uses pre dominant anaerobic, so the energy system used is anaerobic glycolysis or lactic acid system. Anaerobic strength training with the characteristics of fast and short, then this can cause rapid fatigue, so it can not be done continuously but must be done intermittently. Intermittent anaerobic endurance training with the aim of increasing anaerobic endurance is done using a work ratio of 1:1 rest ratio and work ratio of 1:2 rest ratio.

To prove and obtain accurate data on the importance of interval anaerobic cardiovascular training in order to improve the cardiovascular ability of futsal players of the Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar, it is necessary to conduct a study entitled “The effect of 1:1 and 1:2 intervals anaerobic training”. toward increasing the anaerobic endurance of Futsal players in Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar.

Materials and methods

Description of the study area

The method used in this study is field experiment with two group pre post test design. This research was carried out at State University of Makassar Sports Building in Makassar, South Sulawesi.

Population and sample

The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with 20 samples from a population of 30 students, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar, South Sulawesi were willing to participate in this study.

Inclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were students of sport science, faculty of sport science, State University of Makassar, South Sulawesi.

Exclusion criteria

The exclusion criteria were:

• 1.

  Student who are sick

• 2.

  Students who are injured

Collecting data and procedure intervention

The research instrument used in this study, especially in measuring anaerobic strength, is used by the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), the purpose of this test is to measure anaerobic resistance.³ With validity = 0.897 and the results of the reliability test = 0.919.

Data analysis

The data obtained in this study is anaerobic cardiovascular data from Futsal player in Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar. To test the hypothesis proposed in this study, then the data will be processed and analyzed statistically descriptive and inferential (paired sample t test and independent sample t test) using a computer in the SPSS program version 20.

Ethical consideration and clearance

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Makassar, Indonesia.

Results

Based on Table 1, the Shapiro–Wilk statistical value is significantly 0.653 greater than the value of α 0.005. So it can be concluded that the anaerobic endurance group data interval of 1:1 pre-test is normally distributed. Furthermore, the Shapiro–Wilk statistical value is significant 0.803 greater than the value of α 0.005 so it can be concluded that the anaerobic endurance group data intervals of 1:1 post test are normally distributed.

Table 1.

Analysis of normality data group intervals 1:1 futsal players.

Variable	Shapiro–Wilk	α	Explanation
Anaerobic interval 1:1 pre test	0.653	0.005	Normal
Anaerobic interval 1:1 post test	0.803	0.005	Normal

Based on Table 2, the Shapiro–Wilk statistical value is significantly 0.042 greater than the value of α 0.005. So it can be concluded that the anaerobic endurance group data interval of 1:1 pre-test is normally distributed. Furthermore, the Shapiro–Wilk statistical value is significant 0.426 greater than the value of α 0.005 so it can be concluded that the anaerobic endurance group data intervals of 1:1 post test are normally distributed.

Table 2.

Analysis of normality data group intervals 1:2 futsal players.

Variable	Shapiro–Wilk	α	Explanation
Anaerobic interval 1:2 pre test	0.024	0.005	Normal
Anaerobic interval 1:2 post test	0.426	0.005	Normal

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 3, it can be explained that the minimum value of 1:1 interval group training Pre Test = 2.56, maximum value = 5.80, average value = 4.1580, and Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.10096. Furthermore, the minimum value of the 1:1 interval group training post test; the minimum value = 10.12, the maximum value = 15.04, the average value = 11.9990 and Standard Deviation = 1.79016. From these values it can be explained that when compared between the pre-test and post-test scores, it can be said that the post-test scores are better than the pre-test scores, but these values cannot be used as conclusions.

Table 3.

The results of descriptive analysis of pre-test and post-test data of anaerobic resistance group interval of 1:1 futsal players.

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	Variance
Anaerobic interval 1:1 pre test	2.56	5.80	4.1580	1.10096	1.212
Anaerobic interval 1:1 post test	10.12	15.04	11.9990	1.79016	3.205

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 4, it can be explained that the minimum value of 1:2 interval group training Pre Test = 1.88, maximum value = 10.84, average value = 5.5870, and Standard Deviation (SD) = 2.76659. Furthermore, the minimum value of the 1:1 interval group training post test; the minimum value = 3.68, the maximum value = 14.00, the average value = 8.5120 and Standard Deviation = 3.71817. From these values it can be explained that when compared between the pre-test and post-test scores, it can be said that the post-test scores are better than the pre-test scores, but these values cannot be used as conclusions.

Table 4.

The results of descriptive analysis of pre-test and post-test data of anaerobic resistance group interval of 1:2 Futsal players.

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	Variance
Anaerobic interval 1:2 pre test	1.88	10.84	5.5870	2.76659	7.654
Anaerobic interval 1:2 post test	3.68	14.00	8.5120	3.71817	13.825

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 5, it can be explained that the average value = −7.84100, the value of Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.64334, the value of t = −15.088, and Sig = 0.000 less than the value of α = 0.005, it can be explained that the 1:1 interval anaerobic training exercises have an effect on the improvement of futsal players.

Table 5.

Results of inferential analysis of pre test and post test data for anaerobic endurance training groups at 1:1 intervals for futsal players.

Variable	Mean	SD	T	df	Sig (2-tailed)
Anaerobic interval 11 pre test and post test	−7.84100	1.64334	−15.088	9	0.000

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 5, it can be explained that the average value = −2.92500, the value of Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.85957, the value of t = −4.974, and Sig = 0.001 less than the value of α = 0.005, it can be explained that the 1:1 interval anaerobic training exercises have an effect on the improvement of futsal players.

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 5, it can be explained that the average value = −2.92500, the value of Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.85957, the value of t = −4.974, and Sig = 0.001 less than the value of α = 0.005, it can be explained that the 1:1 interval anaerobic training exercises have an effect on the improvement of futsal players (Tables 6–7).

Table 6.

Results of inferential analysis of pre test and post test data for anaerobic endurance training groups at 1:2 intervals for futsal players.

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	Variance
Anaerobic interval 1:2 pre test and post test	−2.92500	1.85957	−4.974	9	0.001

Table 7.

The results of the post test inferential data analysis of the two anaerobic endurance exercise groups at intervals of 1:1 and 1:2 futsal players.

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	Variance
Anaerobic interval 1:2 pre test and post test	−2.92500	1.85957	−4.974	9	0.001

Discussion

Based on the first hypothesis that there is an influence of 1:1 interval anaerobic endurance training using a Harvard bench it turns out that the value of sig = 0.000 is smaller than the value of α 0.005. Furthermore, it can be explained that anaerobic endurance training using 1:1 intervals or work time interspersed with rest time turns out to have been proven through the results of this study. The influence that occurs after doing this exercise is a change or improvement in the cardiovascular system, respiration, musculoskeletal and anaerobic energy metabolism. The use of intervals was able to improve anaerobic endurance ability in line with the opinion of Harsono (2001: 13) that interval training is training with an intensity of 95% of maximum ability and is important for sports where athletes often have to run fast and repeatedly like basketball, soccer, futsal, hockey and so on.⁴ Short interval training is also a form of training that requires a high supply system, according to research that the primary energy sources used in short interval training are ATP-PC and LA. So it can be said that the dominant energy system in short interval training is the anaerobic energy system that is without oxygen.⁵ In connection with the results of research and the opinion of experts, it can be concluded that the anaerobic endurance training of 1:1 short intervals applied to physical exercise using the Harvard bench to FIK UNM futsal players significantly influences the anaerobic endurance of FIK UNM futsal players.

Based on the second hypothesis that there is an influence of 1:2 interval anaerobic endurance training using a Harvard bench it turns out that the value of sig = 0.001 is smaller than the value of α 0.005. Furthermore, it can be explained that anaerobic endurance training using 1:2 intervals or work time interspersed with rest time turns out to have been proven through the results of this study. The influence that occurs after doing this exercise is due to changes or improvements in the improvement of the quality of work on the cardiovascular system, respiration, musculoskeletal, anaerobic energy metabolism and other systems in supporting physical work anaerobically. The form of exercise training interval 1:2 is slightly different from the interval 1:1 which is different at rest time for example if the form of interval 1:1 is if the working time is 2 (two) minutes then the resting time is 2 (two) minutes too, whereas if the interval 1:2 rest period of 4 (four) minutes. This difference is expected to give more time for oxygen filling into the blood so that the amount or volume of more oxygen enters the blood. Increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood will accelerate the process of decreasing levels of lactic acid which increases in amount during anaerobic endurance training at intervals of 1:1 and 1:2. Interval training is an exercise system that alternates between doing work (work interval) with periods of activity with low intensity (rest periods) in a training phase. Furthermore Fox, Bowers and Foss (1989)⁵ explain some of the advantages of interval training systems as follows: (1) Thorough in controlling the tension or intensity of the exercise, (2) As a systematic approach from day to day, (3) Make it easy to assess the progress of the exercise, (4) It is faster to repair potential energy than other conditions training methods, (5) This training program can be implemented anywhere, cannot use equipment and special equipment such as Harvard bench.

In connection with the opinion of the experts, it can be explained that one of the advantages of using interval training is that there is a break between work hours so that it can give the body a chance especially the muscles to improve energy metabolism during exercise by filling oxygen to reduce levels of lactic acid in the blood, so muscles can do training activities according to the training program that has been set from time to time. According to Purnomo (2011), that anaerobic activity will cause an increase in lactic acid which will cause a decrease in pH which triggers the formation of free radicals.⁶ The decrease in pH tends to cause acidosis which can interfere with the work of antioxidant enzymes, causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress will cause inflammation which triggers the release of leukocytes to stop inflammation. Furthermore, according to Cooper (2000), that in physiological conditions, free radicals form 5% of oxygen consumption and can be neutralized by antioxidants in the body.⁷ However, if the rate of free radical formation increases by more than 5% because it is triggered by heavy physical activity and tiring, then the ability of the antioxidant defense system capacity can not neutralize these excess free radicals. This imbalance can cause oxidative stress and stimulate the activity of leukocyte cells.

During anaerobic work (without oxygen) with maximum high intensity, the body works so hard that oxygen and fuel requirements exceed normal levels of supply and muscle, so they must rely on stored fuel reserves. The muscles, which lack oxygen, make the body into a condition known as oxygen debt and begin to accumulate lactate in the muscles and in the blood. This point is known as the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold or the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Activities cannot continue until lactic acid is released and oxygen debt is paid off. For this reason, the body or muscles must be given a break between work and further work. The body can resume limited activities after a small portion of the oxygen debt has been paid off. Because lactic acid is produced, the proper term for this pathway is the lactic anaerobic energy pathway. The alactic anaerobic pathway is when the body works anaerobically but without the production of lactic acid. This pathway depends on the fuel stored in the muscles which lasts for around 4 (four) seconds at maximum effort. According to Fox, (1988) that aerobic ability can be known, among others, from the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to supply oxygen to the mitochondria, while anaerobic ability can be measured by anaerobic threshold ability and strength of muscle contraction.⁸

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that giving rest to the organs in high intensity exercise is very important so that organs have time to replenish oxygen which can reduce levels of lactic acid, and a decrease in blood lactic acid levels will trigger a decrease in levels of organ fatigue body. Besides that, the presence of oxygen in the body can reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress in the body's organs, so it does not trigger an increase in excess free radicals in the body's organs and the strength of muscle contraction can take place. For that reason, anaerobic training of 1:2 interval is important to be applied in increasing the capacity of anaerobic training of futsal players.

Based on the third hypothesis that there is a difference in the effect of anaerobic endurance training at intervals of 1:1 and intervals of 1:2 using the Harvard bench was not proven with a sig = 0.028 greater than the value of α 0.005. Based on the results of the analysis of these data it can be concluded that the hypothesis stating that there is a difference in effect between anaerobic endurance training at intervals of 1:1 and intervals of 1:2 is not proven or rejected. Furthermore, it can be explained that anaerobic endurance exercises using 1:1 intervals and 1:2 intervals do not have a difference in effect because the rest periods between the two forms of training do not differ greatly or are only slightly different. According to Fox, Bowers and, Foss (1994), that there are five principles that must be done in applying interval training are; (1) Size and interval, (2) Number of repetitions for each exercise, (3) Rest interval or pause time between work intervals. (4) Types of activities during rest intervals, (5) Frequency of exercise per week. If we listen to the expert's explanation, it can be said that there is no difference in the effect of anaerobic enhancement of the two forms of intervals that could have occurred because it turns out that interval training is very much determined by the size and distance of the interval and the interval of rest between work times. Giving resting time to both groups of samples is very little or still in the category of short breaks, so it does not give the body a long chance to replenish more oxygen. According to Castel, (1993), Ksnig, (2000) that physical activity is physiological in the body and can cause cellular changes, such as blood cells.^9,10 This depends on various factors such as the type and duration of exercise, climate, physical status of the body, and nutrition. Based on this opinion, it can be explained that the physiological changes in the body including changes in the anaerobic resistance of the player are very dependent on the type and duration of futsal player training. In the implementation of the 1:1 and 1:2 interval training exercises on FIK UNM futsal players the duration of the training between the two groups did not differ greatly, so this did not trigger a difference in the effect of the two groups in anaerobic enhancement.

Conclusion

There is an influence of 1:1 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players. There is an influence of 1:2 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players. There was no difference in the effect of 1:1 interval and an 1:2 interval anaerobic training on the improvement of futsal players.

Recommendations

• 1.

  It is recommended for futsal trainers and athletes to use 1:1 interval training and 1:2 intervals to increase their anaerobic resistance capacity.

• 2.

  For further research with the aim of seeing the difference in influence on anaerobic enhancement of futsal players can apply a longer interval time or a ratio of 1:3 or 1:4.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.