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Vol. 50. Issue 1.
Pages 3-13 (January - March 2024)
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Vol. 50. Issue 1.
Pages 3-13 (January - March 2024)
Original Article
Histopathological findings in dissection and rupture of the thoracic aorta. Study of 54 autopsy cases
Hallazgos histopatológicos en la disección y rotura de la aorta torácica. Estudio de 54 casos de autopsia
Juan L. García-Pérez
Corresponding author
, Marta Martín-Gómez, M. Paz Suárez-Mier
Servicio de Histopatología, Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Madrid, Spain
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Figures (2)
Tables (6)
Table 1. Grading scheme of the consensus to evaluate medial degeneration.
Table 2. General data.
Table 3. Family history of aortic disease and genetic studies.
Table 4. Grade of medial degeneration by age group.
Table 5. Medial degeneration lesions.
Table 6. Medial lesions according to surgical series.
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Abstract
Introduction

Thoracic aortic dissection/rupture has a high mortality, constituting 3.9%–5.4% of sudden deaths (SD) in forensic series. Medial histopathological findings associated with these entities have received multiple terms and definitions. In 2016, the European Association for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology published a consensus document, applied to surgical specimens, to unify criteria. The aim of this work is to assess its application in forensic autopsies. A secondary objective is to study inflammatory changes useful for dating.

Material and methods

Aortic histological preparations of the 54 cases of SD due to aortic rupture/dissection studied between 2019 and 2022 were reviewed.

Results

Medial degeneration was observed in 49 cases (90.8%) (severe in 42.9%). By lesions, the order of frequency was: fragmentation and/or loss of elastic fibres (74.1%), accumulation of extracellular mucoid matrix (61.1%), loss of smooth muscle cell nuclei (48.1%), and collapse of the media (44.4%). Some lesions of the consensus paper could not be assessed. No significant differences were found by age; presence or not of collagenopathies; or bi/tricuspid aortic valves. Granulation tissue or neutrophilic infiltrate was observed in those deceased with pain several days or <24 h before death, respectively.

Conclusion

With the application of the document, lesions in the media are found in >90% of cases and fundamental lesions can be studied. The inflammatory response to rupture/dissection appears to correlate with the timing of dissection/rupture.

Keywords:
Sudden death
Aortic dissection
Medial degeneration
Resumen
Introducción

La disección/rotura de aorta torácica tiene una alta mortalidad, constituyendo del 3,9-5,4% de las muertes súbitas (MS) en series forenses. Los hallazgos histopatológicos de la media asociados a estas entidades han recibido múltiples términos y definiciones. En 2016, la Asociación Europea de Patología Cardiovascular junto con la Sociedad de Patología Cardiovascular publicaron un documento de consenso, aplicado a muestras quirúrgicas, para unificar criterios. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar su aplicación en autopsias forenses. Un objetivo secundario es estudiar cambios inflamatorios útiles para la datación.

Material y métodos

Se revisaron las preparaciones histológicas de aorta de los 54 casos de MS por rotura/disección aortica estudiados entre 2019–2022.

Resultados

Se observó degeneración de la media en 49 casos (90,8%) (severa en 42,9%). Por lesiones, el orden de frecuencia fue: fragmentación y/o pérdida de las fibras elásticas (74,1%); acúmulo de matriz mucoide extracelular (61,1%); pérdida de núcleos de células musculares lisas (48,1%) y colapso de la media (44,4%). Algunas lesiones del documento no pudieron ser valoradas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas por edad; presencia o no de colagenopatías; o válvulas aórticas bi/tricúspides. Se observó tejido de granulación o infiltrado neutrofílico en fallecidos con dolor varios días o < 24 h antes de la muerte, respectivamente.

Conclusión

Con la aplicación del documento se encuentran lesiones en la media en >90% de los casos y pueden estudiarse las lesiones fundamentales. La respuesta inflamatoria frente a la rotura/disección parece correlacionarse con el momento de la disección/rotura.

Palabras clave:
Muerte súbita
Disección aórtica
Degeneración de la media

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