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array:24 [ "pii" => "S217351072300037X" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.08.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-03-01" "aid" => "1422" "copyright" => "SERAM" "copyrightAnyo" => "2022" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2024;66:107-13" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0033833822002223" "issn" => "00338338" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2022.08.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-03-01" "aid" => "1422" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2024;66:107-13" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "¿Es necesario utilizar protectores de gónadas durante la realización de radiografías de tórax en los lactantes?" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "113" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Is the use of gonad protection protectors necessary during infants chest radiography?" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1656 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 330262 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Porciones medidas para los ovarios y los testículos utilizando el dosímetro cutáneo en tiempo real en maniquíes antropomórficos para el niño recién nacido (A) y rango de campo de irradiación (B).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "T. Masuda, Y. Takei, S. Arao" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Masuda" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Takei" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Arao" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S217351072300037X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.08.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217351072300037X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833822002223?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00338338/0000006600000002/v1_202403120553/S0033833822002223/v1_202403120553/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173510724000430" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.12.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-03-01" "aid" => "1447" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2024;66:114-20" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original articles</span>" "titulo" => "Prognostic value of brain perfusion by MRI in the initial study of high grade gliomas" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "114" "paginaFinal" => "120" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Valor pronóstico de la perfusión cerebral por RM en el estudio inicial de los gliomas de alto grado" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1063 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 67881 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan-Meier curves based on perfusion value. Survival expressed in months.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Fernández-Valverde, M.P. Bautista-Bárcena, E. Roldán-Romero, J. Solivera-Vela, F. Bravo-Rodríguez, M.J. Ramos-Gómez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Valverde" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.P." "apellidos" => "Bautista-Bárcena" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Roldán-Romero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Solivera-Vela" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Bravo-Rodríguez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Ramos-Gómez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833823000024" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2022.12.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833823000024?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510724000430?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000006600000002/v1_202404120611/S2173510724000430/v1_202404120611/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173510724000405" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.01.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-03-01" "aid" => "1560" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2024;66:105-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radiology</span> now has an impact factor" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "105" "paginaFinal" => "106" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radiología</span> ya tiene factor de impacto" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "L.H. Ros Mendoza" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.H." "apellidos" => "Ros Mendoza" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833824000092" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2024.01.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833824000092?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510724000405?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000006600000002/v1_202404120611/S2173510724000405/v1_202404120611/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original articles</span>" "titulo" => "Is the use of gonad protection protectors necessary during infants chest radiography?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "113" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "T. Masuda, Y. Takei, S. Arao" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Masuda" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "takanorimasuda@yahoo.co.jp" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Takei" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Arao" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Tecnología Radiológica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Salud, Universidad de Bienestar Médico de Kawasaki, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Es necesario utilizar protectores de gónadas durante la realización de radiografías de tórax en los lactantes?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1664 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 331480 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0265" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Portions measured for the ovaries and testes using real time skin dosimeter in anthropomorphic phantoms for newborn child (A), and irradiation field range (B).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thorax radiography is a frequently used diagnostic imaging method for children. Radiography provides diagnostic information and an assessment of the pathology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a>. However, it is associated with some risks to the cells in the human body<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. Studies have shown that children and neonates are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a>. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>, the risk of biological effects and the lifetime cancer risk from radiation exposure to children is higher because the radiation sensitivity during a child’s developmental stage is higher, and children have a longer life expectancy. Hence, clinical examination, including the practice of the principle of justification, optimization, dose limitation, and technique in managing pediatric patients, should be scrutinized. This can be achieved by applying the concept of “as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depending on the facility, a radiation protective apron (protector) may be used to protect the gonad dose from radiation exposure in infants thorax radiography<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>. Gonad protectors have been reported to protect the gonads during thorax radiography in adults. However, it is unknown whether the gonad protector provides a protective effect to gonads in infants thorax radiography.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to compare gonad doses with and without a gonad protector and to optimize the use of gonadal protectors in infants thorax radiography.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Phantoms</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used two anthropomorphic phantoms (ATOM Phantom, CIRS, Rev2, Q2 Norfolk, Virginia, USA), which represented an average newborn and a 1-year-old child (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Phantoms from this manufacturer feature holes at 22 radiobiologically important organs; the sites are optimized to facilitate precise calculations using the minimum number of necessary detectors. The assumed body weight and height for a newborn and a 1-year-old child were 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg and 51.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and 10.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg and 75.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm, respectively. The phantoms were made of radiologically equivalent tissue materials with internal structures, including artificial skeletons, lungs, and soft tissues, formulated for the accurate simulation of clinical exposures.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">X-ray system</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, we used a digital radiography system from a single manufacturer. The specifications of the system are as follows: The X-ray system was a KXO-50SS/DRX-3724HD (Canon Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan), which comprises an inverter-type generator. The specification of the digital radiography system are as follows: CALNEO Smart C12 indirect flat panel detector system; pixel size, 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm; scintillator material, CsI: Tl (Fujifilm Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The exposure and technical parameters applied for radiographic units were as follows: tube voltage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kV; tube current<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>320<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA; exposure time<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms for the newborn and 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms for the one year old, focus film distance<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm; radiation field size<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm. These exposure parameters are typically used in infants thorax radiography examinations.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Protector</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Hagoromo HSM type SS with 0.5 mmPb (Maeda Co., Ltd. Japan) gonad protector was used. The protector measured 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm (length) × 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm (width), and it wraps around the waist to shield the gonads.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Dosimeters and entrance patient doses measurement</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Real-time dosimeters (RD 1000; TORECK CO, Kanagawa, Japan) consist of a photoluminescence sensor (non-toxic phosphors, up to four), a fiber-optic cable, a photodiode, and a digital display including a power supply<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. Y<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>S:Eu,Sm phosphors is used in dosimeter sensors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. Y<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>S:Eu,Sm is non-toxic and exhibits relatively high sensitivity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. A real time skin dosimeter was developed to detect the skin doses and displays entrance patient doses in the range of 0 to 99999<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mGy. It is a dosimeter with excellent direction dependence. RD - 1000 was placed on the scanner gantry, and a RD-1000 dosimeter was inserted on the front side of the mammary gland, the front and back sides of the true pelvis level, and none the ovaries and testes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>. Thorax radiography was performed 15 times using each phantom, with and without the gonad protector. The measured entrance patient doses values of the RD-1000 dosimeter were compared for each phantom, with and without the gonad protector (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Comparison of the radiation dose between the ionization chamber survey meter and RD-1000 dosimeter</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We compared the radiation dose between the ionization chamber survey meter (ICS-323C, Hitachi Aloka Medical) and RD-1000 dosimeter using X-ray of general radiographic equipment due to the need to check the RD-1000 dosimeter traceability. The RD-1000 dosimeter were good for linearity of reference dose with the ionization chamber.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used to analyze the measured entrance patient doses values of the RD - 1000 dosimeter in the different phantoms, with and without the gonad protector. Mann-Whitney's manuscript reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> that, theoretically, a minimum total of four cases could be analyzed. We are trying to improve the accuracy of our experimental results, thorax radiography was performed 15 times using each phantom, with and without the gonad protector. Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the free statistical software “R” (R, version 3.2.2; The R Project for Statistical Computing; <a href="http://www.r-project.org/">http://www.r-project.org/</a>).</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The medium and range for the interquartile range (IQR) of the measured entrance patient doses values for the front side dose of the mammary gland level in the thorax radiography for the cases with and without the protector were 150.00 μGy (142.50–150.00) and 145.00 μGy (140.00–150.00) at newborn, and 240.00 μGy (220.00–260.00) and 235.00 μGy (230.00–260.00) at one year, respectively. No significant differences were indicated in the measured entrance patient doses values for the front-side dose of the mammary gland level on the thorax radiography for the newborn and one year old between the cases with and without the gonad protector (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The medium and range for the IQR of measured entrance patient doses values for the front side dose of the true pelvis level for the cases with and without protector were 10.00 μGy (10.00–10.00) and 5.00 μGy (0.00–5.00) at newborn, and 10.00 μGy (0.00–10.00) and 0.00 μGy (0.00–0.00) at one year, respectively. The medium and range for the IQR of measured entrance patient doses values for back side dose of true pelvis level between with and without protector were 0.00 μGy (0.00–10.00) and 0.00 μGy (0.00–0.00) at newborn 0.00 μGy (0.00–0.00) and 0.00 μGy (0.00–0.00) at one year, respectively. The measured entrance patient doses could not be detected in the ovaries and testes for both the cases with and without the gonad protector (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). No significant differences were observed in the measured entrance patient doses values for the front and back sides of the true pelvis level, ovaries, and testes for the newborn and one year old between the cases with and without the gonad protector (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hiles et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> report that gonadal shielding is probably the least useful in terms of reducing the patient's radiation risk. Gonadal protection has the longest history of use for patient contact shielding because of its perceived risk and relative ease of use. However, genetic effects of radiation have not been observed in human studies, despite generally held beliefs to the contrary. In fact, ICRP 103<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> lowered the tissue weighting factor for gonads to less than half of the previous value. We believe that genetic effects associated with typical dose ranges would be negligible.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results indicate no significant differences in the measured dose between the cases with and without the gonad protector. Hashimoto et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> measured the absorbed dose near the female gland with and without a protector during adult thorax radiography and verified the track of internal scattering via simulation. The result indicated that, although the dose reduction of the gonad effect using the gonad protector was recognized, the gonad dose was extremely small exposure dose when a gonad protector was not used. Radiation doses in thorax radiography might insufficient to scatter radiation into the gonad.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The maximum value of the scatter dose was approximately 7% of the direct dose during pediatric thorax radiography. During thorax radiography, primary X-rays and scattered X-rays are generated. Primary X-rays propagate straight through the subject, whereas scattered X-rays propagate in the direction of the subject owing to the interaction between the X-ray and the substance. The energy and direction of the scattered X-rays change based on several factors, such as the energy of the irradiated X-rays, thickness of the subject, and substance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>. This study is the first attempt to measure the scattered radiation dose during infants thorax radiography.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of scattered radiation grids is not recommended for pediatric patients. The proportion of scattered radiation in such cases is extremely low and does not offer any discernible improvement in the resolution. The use of a scattered-radiation grid suitable for pediatric radiology (minimum thoracic diameter, 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm) with a ratio of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8/36 yields a dose twice as high as that when no grid is used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>. A virtual grid (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the chest and abdominal examinations. Virtual grids are expected to improve the image quality of X-ray images and reduce the exposure by approximately 50%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>. Using a virtual grid, the exposure dose of thorax radiography can be reduced, and the scattered dose can be reduced in pediatric patients. The radiation dose also from the use of protectors on previous conventional radiology devices would be expected to be high, however the dose from the use of protectors on new digital devices would be expected to be much lower. Furthermore, pediatric gonadal protection may be unnecessary during thorax radiography.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Commission on Radiological Protection has revised the annual eye equivalent dose limit significantly<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 118, the lens of the eye is one of the most radiosensitive tissues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19–21</span></a>. The assistance of many radiological technologists is essential during infants thorax radiography and may reduce lens exposure during infants thorax radiography.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiation dose should be ALARA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>. In chest X-rays, as well as abdominal and pelvic X-rays, the poor placement of these protectors can be complicated in clinical practice due to the difficulty of correct placement by the technicians and the concealment of areas of interest that required repeat radiographs. Gonadal protectors may not be necessary, considering the risk of repeat radiographs.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study presents some limitations. Because our investigation was based on a phantom, this needs to be evaluated in clinical practice. We plan to confirm our findings based on a clinical study. Additionally, in the ovaries, the pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms could only be placed high in the midline of the pelvis due to its structure. The measurement values may change as the position changes. Finally, we performed our study using a single X-ray system from a single vendor in the dorsal position. Therefore, this should be verified in multi-center studies.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant difference was observed in gonad doses measurements with and without the gonad protector during infants chest radiography. We believe that gonadal protector wearing is not necessary.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Authorship</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Responsible for study integrity: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study conception: TM, YT, SA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study design: TM, YT, SA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data acquisition: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical processing: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Literature search: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drafting of the manuscript: TM</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical review of the manuscript with intellectually sig-nificant contributions: TM, YT, SA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approval of the final version: TM, YT, SA</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding sources</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Author disclosures</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have no disclosures in this study.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2128824" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1808015" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2128825" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1808014" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Phantoms" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "X-ray system" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Protector" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Dosimeters and entrance patient doses measurement" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Comparison of the radiation dose between the ionization chamber survey meter and RD-1000 dosimeter" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Funding sources" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Author disclosures" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack738837" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-06-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-08-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1808015" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Radiography" 1 => "Infants" 2 => "Gonad" 3 => "X-Rays" 4 => "Radiation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1808014" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Radiografía" 1 => "Lactantes" 2 => "Gónada" 3 => "Rayos X" 4 => "Radiación" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare gonad doses with and without a gonad protector and to optimize the use of gonadal protectors in infants thorax radiography.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms are used: an X-ray system for KXO-50SS/DRX-3724HD, and a digital radiography system for CALNEO Smart C12, with and without a gonad protector during infants thorax radiography. A real time skin dosimeter is placed on the X-ray system, and a real time skin dosimeter is inserted on the front side of the mammary gland, the front and back sides of the true pelvis level, and on the ovaries and testes. The X-ray system is irradiated 15 times using phantoms with and without a gonad protector. The measured entrance patient doses values of for the real time skin dosimeter are compared for each phantom, with and without the gonad protector.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The medium of measured entrance patient doses values for front side dose of the true pelvis level with and without the protector are 10.00 and 5.00 μGy at newborn, and 10.00 and 0.00μGy at one year, respectively. The medium of measured entrance patient doses values for the back side dose of the true pelvis level with and without the protector are 0.00 and 0.00 μGy at both newborn one year, respectively. The measured entrance patient doses cannot be detected in the ovaries and testes with or without the protector. No significant differences are observed in the measured entrance patient doses values for the front and back side doses of the pelvis, ovaries, and testes at newborn and one year, with and without the protector (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No significant difference was observed in gonad dose measurements with and without the gonad protector during infants chest radiography. We believe that gonadal protector wearing is not necessary.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar las dosis de radiación en las gónadas con y sin protector de gónadas y optimizar el uso de los protectores de gónadas en la radiografía de tórax de los lactantes.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizan dos maniquíes antropomórficos pediátricos: un sistema de rayos X para KXO-50SS/DRX-3724HD, y un sistema de radiografía digital para CALNEO Smart C12, con y sin protector de gónadas durante la realización de radiografías de tórax a los lactantes. Se coloca un dosímetro cutáneo en tiempo real en el sistema de rayos X, y se inserta un dosímetro cutáneo en tiempo real en la cara anterior de la glándula mamaria, en la cara anterior y posterior del nivel de la pelvis verdadera, y en los ovarios y testículos. El sistema de rayos X se irradia 15 veces con maniquíes con y sin protector de gónadas. Se comparan los valores de las dosis de entrada del paciente medidos por el dosímetro cutáneo en tiempo real para cada maniquí, con y sin el protector de gónadas.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores medios de las dosis de entrada del paciente medidos para la dosis del cara anterior del nivel de la pelvis verdadera con y sin el protector son 10,00 y 5,00 μGy en el recién nacido, y 10,00 y 0,00 μGy al año, respectivamente. Los valores medios de las dosis de entrada del paciente medidos para la dosis de la cara posterior del nivel de la pelvis verdadera con y sin el protector son de 0,00 y 0,00 μGy tanto en el recién nacido como al año, respectivamente. Las dosis de entrada del paciente medidas no se pueden detectar en los ovarios y los testículos ni con el protector ni sin él. No se observan diferencias significativas en los valores de las dosis de entrada del paciente medidas para las dosis de la cara anterior y posterior de la pelvis, los ovarios y los testículos en el recién nacido y al año, con y sin el protector (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se observaron diferencias significativas en las mediciones de dosis de gónadas con y sin el protector gonadal durante la radiografía de tórax de los lactantes. Creemos que el uso del protector gonadal no es necesario.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3083 "Ancho" => 1684 "Tamanyo" => 251868 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0260" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms (ATOM Phantom, CIRS, Norfolk, Virginia, USA), which represent an average newborn (A) and a 1-year-old child (B), were used. Assumed body weight and body height for newborn and 1-year-old were 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg and 51.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and 10.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg and 75.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm, respectively.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1664 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 331480 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0265" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Portions measured for the ovaries and testes using real time skin dosimeter in anthropomorphic phantoms for newborn child (A), and irradiation field range (B).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1468 "Ancho" => 1684 "Tamanyo" => 203762 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0270" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest radiography was scanned 15 times using each phantom, with (B) and without gonad protector (A). Measured dose values for real time skin dosimeter was compared for each phantom for cases involving with and without gonad protector.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0275" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as the medium and range for the interquartile range of the measured dose values.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With gonad protector \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Without gonad protector \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New born</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Front side dose of mammary gland level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">150.00 (142.50–150.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">145.00 (140.00–150.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Front side dose of true pelvis level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.00 (10.00−10.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.0 (0.00–10.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Testes dose (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ovaries dose (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Back side dose of true pelvis level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1 year-old</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Front side dose of mammary gland level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">240.00 (220.00–260.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">235.00 (230.00–260.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Front side dose of true pelvis level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.00 (0.00–5.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00–5.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Testes dose (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ovaries dose (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00−0.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Back side dose of true pelvis level (μGy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00–5.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 (0.00–5.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3509625.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measurement dose values for real time skin dosimeter with and without gonad protector.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chest pain in pediatrics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T.K. 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