Modulation of secondary metabolite profiles by biologically synthesized MgO/perlite nanocomposites in Melissa officinalis plant organ cultures

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120878Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Green synthesis of nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs using aqueous leaf extract of Melissa officinalis was conducted.

  • The effect of nanostructures on the growth characteristic and secondary metabolite of the plant was studied.

  • The production of secondary metabolites was stimulated by nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs.

  • There was a direct connection between the amount of essential oils and glandular structures with the nanostructures.

Abstract

In this work, biological synthesis of MgO/perlite nanocomposites (NCs) besides their effects on morphology and secondary metabolite profiles of Melissa officinalis plant organ cultures were evaluated. MgO NPs were immobilized on the surface of nanoperlite using M. officinalis extract as a capping agent. The as-synthesized MgO/perlite NCs were characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS and DLS. The average particle size of nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs was about 10 and 30 nm, respectively. Morphological observations showed that nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs had no effect on root number, as well as root and shoot length. None of the applied concentrations of perlite and MgO/perlite NCs could significantly increase the growth parameters in comparison to the control, except for 150 mg/L of nanoperlite which caused an increase in the shoot number. Although, the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids were not affected, the maximum content of volatile compounds obtained at 100 of MgO/perlite NCs. Rosmarinic acid was detected in shoots, which treated with 25–100 mg/L of perlite and 25, 50 and 150 mg/L of MgO/perlite NCs. Our results provided the evidence that nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs at specific levels may act as a novel elicitor for in vitro biosynthesis of valuable secondary metabolites.

Introduction

Nanotechnology has introduced a huge opportunity of unique application in the area of different industries, because nanoparticles (NPs) have special physicochemical properties, including high surface area and high reactivity (Sanvicens and Marco, 2008). Despite the plenty of benefits, some challenges are remaining on consuming of nano-products, because of their toxicity and hazardous effects on the environment and human health (Sajid et al., 2015). Investigations have suggested both positive and negative effects for NPs on plant growth and development. For example, it has been demonstrated that multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have the potential to increase the growth of tobacco cell culture (Khodakovskaya et al., 2012). In contrast, Ag NPs intensely affected the growth and viability of tobacco cells (Mahjouri et al., 2018). It has been suggested that NPs constrain the plant growth by reducing the photosynthetic rates and inducing oxidative stress (Jiang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). On the other hand, they have the potential to change plant secondary metabolism (Marslin et al., 2017). Secondary metabolites are known as low molecular weight compounds that play a substantial protective role in the life cycle of plants (Joo et al., 2010). In vitro plant cell and organ cultures have been considered as advantageous tools for the production of secondary metabolites (Mahjouri et al., 2016; Bentebibel et al., 2005). Adjustment of the culture conditions, as well as the application of precursors and elicitors can enhance the production of secondary metabolites in cell and organ cultures (Giri and Zaheer, 2016). Some studies have reported that NPs supplied to the plant in vitro culture medium may possibly act as an elicitor. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid augmented by the optimized concentrations of MWCNTs in callus culture of Satureja khuzestanica (Ghorbanpour and Hadian, 2015). Artemisin content was increased 3.9-fold in Artemisia annua L. hairy root cultures after exposure to Ag NPs (Zhang et al., 2013). Furthermore, ZnO and CuO NPs stimulated the production of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Javed et al., 2018).

Green synthesis of NPs using various plant extracts offers a rapid, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach in comparison with the classic methods (Jafarirad et al., 2016, 2018). Melissa officinalis L. is a medical plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is known because of its antioxidant properties (Mimica-Dukic et al., 2004). Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of M. officinalis were reported as a consequence of high amount of phenolic acids, which reveal significant antimicrobial activity (Mimica-Dukic et al., 2004). These bioactive compounds as well as biomolecules that are usually found in plant extracts (e.g. enzymes, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, and organic acids such as citrates) may possibly act as capping agents for green synthesis of nanomaterials (Iravani, 2011). Magnesium (Mg) is a vital mineral factor for plants, which can possess both direct and indirect consequences on disease. Although, the more general physiological effects of Mg is not completely known for active growth, as well as for resistance to disease, but, it is well-known that in general, Mg is an important contributor to plant health. Controlling of Mg deals to decrease disease, in balance with other minerals, is an underused vehicle in managing disease (Huber and Jones, 2013). For this reason, Mg derivatives are chosen as elicitor for this work. Accordingly, we investigated the M. officinalis leaf extract potential for the synthesis of MgO/Perlite nanocomposites (NCs). Besides, the effects of different concentrations of nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs were applied to study the morphological properties such as shoot, root and leave proliferation, production of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, the chemical composition of the volatile compounds and production of rosmarinic acid (RA) in the shoots were examined by using organ culture of M. officinalis.

Section snippets

Instruments and reagents

All materials were obtained from the Merck and Aldrich companies. Perlite with the chemical composition (in w/w %) of O, 45.95; C, 26.81; Si, 11.16; Al, 4.11; Na, 1.37; K, 1.08; Ca, 0.08 provided from Mianeh area, Iran. The leaves and seeds of M. officinais were collected from Botanical Garden, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Tabriz, Iran). Photosynthetic test pigments and UV–vis spectrophotometry are recorded on a double-beam spectrophotometer (Hitachi, U-2900). FTIR spectra measured by

Characterization of perlite and MgO/perlite NCs

In the present study, preparation of perlite-supported magnesium oxide NPs through green method was evaluated. After the immobilization of MgO NPs on the perlite, the white color of perlite was changed into brown due to the color of the extract (Fig. 1).

Conclusions

At the present study, we established a green, rapid and simple method for the synthesis of MgO/perlite NCs using aqueous leaf extract of M. officinalis. On the other hand, the effect of nanoperlite and MgO/perlite NCs on the growth characteristics and secondary metabolite profiles of M. officinalis organ cultures were evaluated. The significant difference between treatments in root number, root and shoot length was not appreciable. Supplementing of 150 mg/L of perlite in the culture medium

Acknowledgements

The financial support by the Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz is gratefully acknowledged. We are thankful from Dr. Vartan Simmonds for his grammatical assistances.

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