Original contributionWho Needs a Blood Culture? A Prospectively Derived and Validated Prediction Rule
Introduction
Bacteremia and sepsis are common problems, with an estimated 751,000 cases of sepsis per year in the United States, or approximately 2000 cases per day (1). It is common practice to obtain blood cultures during the initial presentation of patients who may harbor an infection. Despite the frequency of this practice, there is sparse evidence relating to when it is appropriate to order a blood culture.
The general indications for blood culture use are poorly defined, and as a result, overall blood culture yields from hospitalized patients remain remarkably low at 4–8% (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Furthermore, there has been no large prospective study specifically evaluating indications for blood culture in the Emergency Department (ED). The low yield of blood cultures has significant financial costs, wastes health care worker time, and results in unnecessary needle sticks for patients and risk for health care workers. In addition, cultures that grow contaminants may result in increased hospital charges and unnecessary antibiotic treatment, hospital admission, and resource utilization (7). Prior studies in hospitalized patients have developed criteria for the rational ordering of blood cultures, but these guidelines are frequently ignored in clinical practice (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Physicians have also been shown to inaccurately predict bacteremia risk, often overestimating the patient's likelihood of bacteremia (13, 14).
Nonetheless, the identification of ED patients at risk for bacteremia is critical. Untreated bacteremia may lead to the development of a sepsis syndrome and septic shock, with mortality rates estimated at 30–50% (1, 15, 16, 17, 18). Early administration of empiric antibiotics has been shown to be associated with lower mortality (8, 19, 20, 21). Thus, the ability to accurately assess a patient's risk for bacteremia and selectively order blood cultures would be clinically useful.
We undertook this study to identify independent predictors of bacteremia in ED patients, to derive and validate a clinical decision rule to assess risk of bacteremia, and to identify a low-risk population of patients for whom blood cultures may be safely eliminated.
Section snippets
Study Design, Setting, and Population
This was a prospective cohort study of all consecutive adult patients (age > 18 years) presenting to the ED between February 1, 2000 and February 1, 2001. Any patient who had a blood culture obtained either in the ED or within 3 h of admission to an inpatient floor was eligible for the study. This served to increase our capture of patients with bacteremia. This ED has approximately 50,000 visits annually, and is based in a 490-bed urban academic tertiary care center with transplant services.
Results
Over the 1-year study period, there were a total of 3901 patient encounters during which blood cultures were obtained, and 3730 (96%) were enrolled in the study. The group was randomly divided into the derivation set (2/3) and validation set (1/3). The derivation set had a total of 2466 patient visits with 204 culture sets with positive growth for true pathogens (8.3% bacteremia). The validation set had 1264 patient visits with 101 culture sets growing true pathogens (8.0% bacteremia). The
Discussion
We developed and validated a clinical prediction rule that successfully stratified ED patients according to the likelihood of developing bacteremia. This relatively simple model could enable a physician to make a rapid bedside estimation of bacteremia risk. If used in this population, the rule could appropriately reduce the use of blood cultures by approximately 27%.
Because there were 3901 patient encounters with blood cultures drawn over a 1-year period from this ED, a 27% reduction would
Conclusions
The routine ordering of blood cultures on all patients in the ED with a chance of infection merits such a pragmatic approach. Change in clinical practice from physician intuition to a standardized, evidence-based approach may result in a substantial reduction in the numbers of cultures obtained, and in patient costs. In addition, high-risk patients may also be identified who could benefit from earlier aggressive therapy. We developed and validated a clinical decision rule for predicting
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