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Inflammatory, cardio-metabolic and diabetic profiling of chronic schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

R. Balõtšev ,
K. Koido ,
V. Vasar ,
S. Janno ,
K. Kriisa ,
R. Mahlapuu ,
U. Ljubajev ,
M. Parksepp ,
P. Veiksaar  and
V. Volke
...Show all authors
R. Balõtšev*
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
K. Koido
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
V. Vasar
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
S. Janno
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
K. Kriisa
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
R. Mahlapuu
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
U. Ljubajev
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
M. Parksepp
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
P. Veiksaar
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
V. Volke
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia Endocrinology Unit, Internal Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406Tartu, Estonia
A. Lang
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
L. Haring
Affiliation:
Department of the Out-Patient, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417Tartu, Estonia
M. Zilmer
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
E. Vasar
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19Tartu50411, Estonia Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine Ravila 19 Tartu50411, Estonia
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +372 731 8866. E-mail address:roman.balotsev@kliinikum.ee (R. Baloõtšev).
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Abstract

Background

There is a growing interest in low-grade inflammatory and metabolic alterations in patients with chronic schizophrenia (SCH).

Methods

Inflammatory (tumor-necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interferon-γ [IFN-γ], interleukins [IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10], monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) and growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], epidermal growth factor [EGF]) were measured in blood serum samples of 105 SCH patients and 148 control subjects (CS). Simultaneously the clinical biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL-c] and high-density lipoprotein [HDL-c] cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for patients.

Results

Several cyto-/chemokines (IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) were significantly (P < 0.0000001) elevated in SCH patients compared to CS. Odds ratios, obtained from logistic regression analyses, were significantly elevated for IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, and decreased for TNF-α in SCH group. Among the patients, higher IL-2, IL-6, INF-γ and lower MCP-1 levels as well as male gender were together significant (P < 0.000001) predictors of higher HbA1c levels, and TG/HDL-c parameter was associated with ratios of INF-γ/IL-10 (P = 0.004), and INF-γ/IL-4 (P = 0.049), HbA1c (P = 0.005), INF-γ (P = 0.009), as well as LDL-c (P = 0.02) levels.

Conclusions

IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ were the most significant SCH-related markers among the measured cytokines in our patient group. Furthermore, significant associations between pro-/anti-inflammatory imbalance and HbA1c as well as cardio-metabolic risk marker (TG/HDL-c) were observed, indicating higher risks of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases among SCH patients.

Keywords

Cytokines and growth factorsType-2 diabetesInflammationCardio-metabolic risk factors
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 39 , January 2017 , pp. 1 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2017

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Footnotes

1

Tel.: +372 737 4337.

2

Deceased author.

3

Tel.: +372 731 8701.

4

Tel.: +372 737 4313.

5

Tel.: +372 731 8735.

6

Tel.: +372 731 8865.

7

Tel.: +372 737 4338.

8

Tel.: +372 737 4333.

9

Tel.: +372 731 8767.

10

Tel.: +372 737 4311.

11

Tel.: +372 737 4331.

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