Adrenocortical carcinoma: A population-based study on incidence and survival in the Netherlands since 1993
Introduction
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive neoplasm with a reported annual incidence of 0.5–2.0 cases per million persons.1, 2, 3 Data on the incidence of ACC are scarce, being based mainly on the United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) survey from the 1970s and a study of US Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database published in 2006.2, 3 The only European study on ACC incidence thus far has been a Norwegian study published in 1992.4 These latter two studies show an ACC incidence rate of 0.7 per million and 1.5 per million, respectively.2, 4
ACC can be part of rare hereditary syndromes (e.g. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome), but most ACCs occur as sporadic tumours, of which the molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood.5 Most patients present in the sixth or seventh decade of life and a female predominance has been reported.
Patients present with symptoms related either to a mass effect of the tumour or hormonal overproduction. Serendipitous discovery of ACC occurs in up to 16% of cases.7 In recent reports, overall survival remains low with a stage-dependent 5-year survival of 84% for stage I and 15% for stage IV.1, 2
Radical resection of the primary tumour is the only curative option for patients with local or locally advanced disease.1, 5 Surgical treatment should also be considered in selected patients with distant metastases or recurrent disease, since this could yield a survival benefit.8, 9 Treatment with the adrenolytic drug mitotane is the mainstay of therapy for metastasised disease.10 It is also used increasingly as adjuvant therapy: retrospective evidence suggests a significant increase in recurrence-free survival of 17–32 months.11, 12, 13 A prospective trial to confirm these results (Efficacy of Adjuvant Mitotane Treatment-trial or ADIUVO-trial) is currently recruiting. In advanced stages cytotoxic chemotherapy can be added to the treatment with mitotane. A regimen of etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin (EDP) is the most effective first-line therapy, as was recently demonstrated in a large multicentre trial.14 However, the objective response rate of EDP was only 23% and the median duration of progression-free survival was 5 months. New developments in treatment focus on targeted therapies, but major breakthroughs have not yet been reported.
The aim of this study was to present recent data on population-based incidence and survival of patients with ACC in the Netherlands. In addition, we examined whether treatment or survival of patients with ACC changed during the study period.
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Patients
Data were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR), a nation-wide, population-based registry containing clinical data on cancer patients diagnosed since 1989. Completeness of case ascertainment is estimated to be at least 95%.15 Registration and coding is conducted according to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation and the International Association of Cancer Registries.16 The NCR contains data on all patients with histopathologically proven disease, as well as most patients
Demographics
We included 359 patients diagnosed with ACC between 1st January 1993 and 31st December 2010. Among them were 163 male patients (45%, Table 2). Median age at diagnosis was 56 years (range 1–91), age distribution shows a peak in the sixth decade of life (Fig. 1). Left-sided tumours were present in 186 patients (52%), four patients had bilateral tumours and laterality was unknown for eight patients (2%). Diagnosis of ACC was histologically confirmed for 99.7% (n = 358) of patients.
At presentation,
Discussion
This study focused on the epidemiology of ACC in the Netherlands from 1993 to 2010 shows a trend towards a decreasing overall incidence rate of ACC, from 1.3 per million person-years in 1993 to 1.0 per million person-years in 2010. Over the last decade, surgical treatment was used increasingly as initial treatment for patients presenting with advanced disease (stage III and IV), but an increase in overall survival was not observed.
The observed incidence rate was higher than the rate of 0.72 per
Conflict of interest statement
None declared.
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