Original articleOral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases
Section snippets
DNA viruses
The human herpesvirus (HHV) is commonly associated with oral disease. It is a double-stranded DNA virus (Table 1). 3
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is the prototypic STD manifesting oral signs. The incidence of syphilis has declined dramatically since the introduction of penicillin; however, since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of this disease, largely attributable to concurrent HIV infection and an increasingly iatrogenically immunosuppressed population. Most cases of syphilis occur in young adults, and characteristically, syphilis is
Candidosis
Vulvovaginal candidosis is common, particularly amongst young women, and is usually due to Candida albicans. Genital candidosis (thrush) is more frequent in females but may be transmitted by sexual contact to males. Oral thrush may result through sexual contact, particularly during oral sexual intercourse (Fig 9). Certain patients may be predisposed to the development of oral thrush, such as patients who are immunocompromised, those with diabetes mellitus, or pernicious anemia. In addition,
Conclusions
The mucous membranes of the oral cavity are vulnerable to direct inoculation of many sexually transmitted infections. Identification of the subsequent and often characteristic clinical signs in the mouth enables early diagnosis and treatment. Examination of the oral cavity is an integral part of the evaluation of any patient suspected of harboring an STD.
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2021, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral RadiologyCitation Excerpt :In addition, nonspecific ulcerations and aphthous ulcers have been reported as a consistent oral finding associated with HIV.10 However, bacterial infections such as syphilis may present with multiple erosive or ulcerative lesions among other oral manifestations.11 Additional studies were initiated to facilitate diagnosis, including complete blood count and antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests, and an incisional biopsy of the left buccal mucosal lesion was performed and the specimen sent for microscopic evaluation and for direct immunofluorescence (DIF) examination for immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, and C3 deposits.
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2017, Acta Otorrinolaringologica EspanolaFluorescence in situ hybridization for the identification of Treponema pallidum in tissue sections
2015, International Journal of Medical MicrobiologyCitation Excerpt :In oral samples, as shown here in tonsillar and mucosal tissue, FISH may be of particular help since it is able to discriminate T. pallidum from other spirochetes and oral treponemes, that are highly abundant in the oral cavity (Compilato et al., 2009; Moter et al., 1998a, 2006; Scott and Flint, 2005; Siqueira et al., 2014; Sunde et al., 2003). Diagnosis of oral manifestation of syphilis is especially pressing because oral lesions are highly contagious and therefore dangerous also for the personnel at the dentist's cabinet (Bruce and Rogers, 2004; Hertel et al., 2014; Leao et al., 2006). Interestingly, in the mucosal biopsy from a lesion of unknown cause (Fig. 4A) the Warthin–Starry stain remained negative, whereas FISH detected T. pallidum in the tissue (Fig. 4B).
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