GYNAECOLOGY
Colposcopic Episodes of Care: Referral, Treatment, Follow-Up, and Exit Patterns of Care for Women With Abnormal Pap Smears

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Abstract

Objective

To define the patterns of care of women after they have been referred to a colposcopic service.

Methods

We carried out this population-based study by linking databases of health care provision for 2010. We defined

“colposcopic episodes of care” as a series of colposcopic evaluations beginning at the time of referral for colposcopy because of a new cervical cytology abnormality and continuing until no colposcopy or cytology service had been performed for  365 days.

Results

Cytology reports indicating low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance account for 88% of referrals of women for colposcopy. Women aged 20 to 29 had the highest rates of referral and treatments. Up to 87% of women referred for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cytology did not require treatment after colposcopic evaluation, while 54% of women referred for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cytology required treatment. The duration of colposcopic episodes of care in which treatment was carried out lasted up to 327 days, with a median three colposcopic evaluations per episode, whereas episodes of care in which no treatment was carried out lasted up to 190 days with a median of one or two colposcopic examinations per episode.

Conclusion

Young women aged 20 to 29 have the highest rates of colposcopic services. Women referred because of cytology showing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in whom treatment is not carried out require more extensive follow-up to ensure that lesions are not missed. We recommend the incorporation of colposcopy services into centralized cervical cancer screening programs.

Résumé

Objectif

Définir les profils de soins qui sont offerts aux femmes à la suite de leur orientation vers un service de colposcopie.

Méthodes

Nous avons mené cette étude en population générale en liant des bases de données sur l’offre de soins de santé pour ce qui est de l’année 2010. Nous avons défini le terme « épisodes de soins colposcopiques » comme étant une série d’évaluations colposcopiques débutant au moment de l’orientation en colposcopie (en raison de la constatation d’une nouvelle anomalie cervicale révélée par cytologie) et se poursuivant jusqu’à ce que la dernière intervention de colposcopie ou de cytologie remonte à 365 jours ou plus.

Résultats

Les rapports de cytologie indiquant la présence de lésions malpighiennes intra-épithéliales de bas grade histologique et de cellules malpighiennes atypiques de signification indéterminée sont à l’origine de 88 % des orientations en colposcopie. Les femmes âgées de 20 à 29 ans comptaient les taux les plus élevés d’orientation et de traitement. Jusqu’à 87 % des femmes orientées en colposcopie en raison d’une cytologie indiquant la présence de lésions malpighiennes intra-épithéliales de bas grade histologique n’ont pas nécessité la mise en œuvre d’un traitement à la suite de l’évaluation colposcopique, tandis que 54 % des femmes orientées en colposcopie en raison d’une cytologie indiquant la présence de lésions malpighiennes intra-épithéliales de haut grade histologique ont nécessité un traitement. Les épisodes de soins colposcopiques dans le cadre desquels un traitement a été administré ont été d’une durée pouvant atteindre 327 jours (médiane : trois évaluations colposcopiques par épisode), tandis que les épisodes de soins colposcopiques dans le cadre desquels aucun traitement n’a été administré ont été d’une durée pouvant atteindre 190 jours (médiane : une ou deux évaluations colposcopiques par épisode).

Conclusion

Les jeunes femmes âgées de 20 à 29 ans comptaient les taux les plus élevés de services colposcopiques. Les femmes orientées en colposcopie en raison d’une cytologie indiquant la présence de lésions malpighiennes intra-épithéliales de haut grade histologique qui ne font pas ensuite l’objet d’un traitement nécessitent la mise en œuvre d’un suivi plus exhaustif, de façon à ce que l’on puisse s’assurer que des lésions ne passent pas inaperçues. Nous recommandons l’intégration des services de colposcopie aux programmes centralisés de dépistage du cancer du col utérin.

Section snippets

INTRODUCTION

Colposcopy is a definitive step in the management of women with abnormal cervical cytology. If colposcopic interventions are performed appropriately, the risk of cervical cancer in women at high risk is greatly reduced. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology have published guidelines on the colposcopic management of cervical dysplasia.1., 2. Their intention is to maximize the effectiveness of colposcopy and related

METHODS

This study was conducted at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Toronto. This institute holds databases of health services use and disease registries that cover the entire population of permanent residents of Ontario.

We identified all women age  14 years during 2010 from the Registered Persons Database, a roster of the beneficiaries of the single universal public insurer for health services. Each person has an encrypted version of her health insurance number, which is also attached

RESULTS

We identified 20 367 women aged  14 years who began a new colposcopic episode of care in 2010 with a cytologic diagnosis of HSIL, LSIL, or ASCUS; 2638 (12.8%) had HSIL, 9129 (44.8%) had LSIL, and 8600 (42%) had ASCUS. Women aged 20 to 29 accounted for 41% of the study population. HSIL cytology was less common in the 14 to 24 age category and more frequent in the 30 to 39 year category. LSIL was the most common cytologic diagnosis in the 14 to 29 age group, while ASCUS was more common in the  40 age

DISCUSSION

We determined that 87% of colposcopies were initiated for the minor cytologic abnormalities of LSIL and ASCUS. In 2010, these abnormalities accounted for 17 729 new colposcopic episodes of care out of the total 20 367 episodes. Forty percent of the study population (8114 women) consisted of women less than 30 years of age. Furthermore, of all the women referred to colposcopy for LSIL cytology, only 14% (2802 women) underwent treatment for a lesion.

This finding of high numbers of referrals for

CONCLUSION

Colposcopy is a crucial step in the evaluation of women with cervical cytologic abnormalities leading to the eradication of immediate precursors of invasive disease. While cervical cancer screening programs begin with a focus on women receiving timely and regular Pap smears, colposcopy should be considered as a continuation of the spectrum of cervical cancer prevention. In order to provide the best care possible within a colposcopy program, we should determine the appropriate patient population

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Cited by (4)

  • Are Women with Antecedent Low-Grade Cytology and <CIN2 Findings in Colposcopy Being Overmanaged?

    2022, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
    Citation Excerpt :

    The Ontario Cervical Cancer Screening Program, currently cytology-based, recommends that those with persistent low-grade cytology, including atypical cells of unknown significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL), be referred for colposcopy. Both ASCUS and LSIL cytology account for the majority (85%–88%) of referrals to colposcopy5–10; however, almost 90% of these patients will not have a CIN3+ lesion detected.9 Despite the low risk of CIN3+, this population places a significant burden on the colposcopy resource.

  • Performance Indicators for Colposcopy in Ontario

    2020, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
    Citation Excerpt :

    With a finding of ASCUS, the 5-year risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3+ is approximately 2.6%, regardless of human papillomavirus status. Approximately 68% of lesions with ASCUS cytology will revert to normal at 6 months.6,7 On the basis of this low risk, the current recommendation in Ontario is for repeat testing in 6 months and referral to colposcopy if ASCUS persists or if a lesion of higher-grade cytology was present.3,8

Competing Interests: None declared.

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