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Vol. 45. Issue S3.
Controversias de formación en neumología
Pages 22-27 (March 2009)
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Vol. 45. Issue S3.
Controversias de formación en neumología
Pages 22-27 (March 2009)
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Manejo de la patología pleural
Management of pleural disease
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Francisco Rodríguez-Panaderoa,
Corresponding author
frpanad@ono.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Myriam Aguilar Pérezb, Manuel Alejandro Muñoz Moyac, María Isabel Asensio Cruza
a Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
c Unidad de Neumología, Consorcio hospitalario provincial de Castellón, Castellón, España
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Teniendo en cuenta las ponencias presentadas en el I Foro Nacional de Neumólogos en Formación, nos centramos aquí en los derrames pleurales de origen infeccioso y sobre el estudio de posibles marcadores de malignización en sujetos con historia de exposición a asbesto. Se analiza el rendimiento de las distintas técnicas para el diagnóstico del derrame tuberculoso, haciendo hincapié en el estudio del esputo y de las muestras pleurales (líquido y tejido) para Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, y en el rendimiento de la adenosindesaminasa (ADA) (en ausencia de empiema, ADA > 70 U/l es diagnóstico de pleuritis tuberculosa, y niveles inferiores a 40 U/l la excluyen prácticamente) e interferón gamma en el líquido pleural (punto de corte: 3,7 UI/ml). El manejo de los derrames pleurales paraneumónicos se estratifica en cuatro categorías, atendiendo a las características anatomo-morfológicas (tamaño y eventual presencia de loculación), bacteriológicas (positividad o no del cultivo del líquido pleural) y bioquímicas (pH/glucosa) del derrame. Finalmente, se describen algunos marcadores desarrollados recientemente para el estudio y seguimiento de personas expuestas a asbesto, con especial hincapié en la determinación de niveles de mesotelina en suero, que parece muy prometedora como marcador del desarrollo de mesotelioma en estos casos. Niveles de SMRP (proteínas solubles relacionadas con la mesotelina) superiores a 0,55 nmol/l mostraron un 72% de sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de mesotelioma maligno de estirpe epitelial en un estudio multicéntrico que actualmente se está llevando a cabo en nuestro país.

Palabras clave:
Adenosindesaminasa
Derrame paraneumónico
Derrame pleural
Empiema
Interferón gamma
Mesotelina
Mesotelioma
Tuberculosis pleural
Abstract

In view of the presentations in the First National Forum of Trainee Pneumologists, the present article focusses on infectious pleural effusions and on the study of possible markers of malignant disease in asbestos-exposed individuals. The yield of the distinct techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion is assessed, with emphasis on analysis of sputum and pleural samples (fluid and tissue) for Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. The utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) (in the absence of empyema, ADA > 70 U/l is diagnostic of tuberculous pleurisy, while values of less than 40 U/l exclude this diagnosis) and interferon gamma in pleural fluid (cut off: 3.7 Ul/ml) is also discussed. The management of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions is stratified in four categories, depending on the anatomical and morphological (size and eventual presence of loculations), bacteriological (positivity or negativity of pleural fluid culture) and biochemical (pH/glucose) characteristics of the effusion. Finally, recently developed markers for the evaluation and follow-up of asbestos-exposed individuals are described, with special emphasis on serum determination of mesothelin levels, which seem highly promising as a marker of the development of mesothelioma in these cases. A multicenter study currently being performed in Spain found that soluble mesothelin-related protein (SMRP) levels higher than 0.55 nmol/L showed a sensitivity and specificity of 72% for the diagnosis of epithelial malignant mesothelioma.

Keywords:
Adenosine deaminase
Parapneumonic effusion
Pleural effusion
Empyema
Interferon gamma
Mesothelin
Mesothelioma
Pleural tuberculosis
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Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
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