Rapid ReviewVirtual reality training for the operating room and cardiac catheterisation laboratory
Section snippets
Virtual reality training for medical procedures
The state of the art for training in many other high-skill professions is virtual reality (VR). VR was probably best defined7 as a communication interface based on interactive three-dimensional visualisation which allows the user to interact with and integrate different sensory inputs that simulate important aspects of real-world experience. VR allows more than observation, which has important implications for teaching. First introduced to surgery in 1991,8 acceptance of VR training has been
VR training for clinical practice
One of the major advantages of VR for training technical skills is that the opportunity to train is constantly and consistently available. Another advantage is that the trainee can make mistakes without exposing the patient to risk, unlike in vivo. However, simulation as a training tool often seems to be poorly understood by users. It is widely assumed that if an individual just trains on a simulator, their technical skills improve. From an evidence-based medicine perspective, this assumption
Metrics
For some time many physicians believed that only a simulator that looked and felt like a real patient could substitute for the in-vivo clinical experience. Both VR-to-OR studies9, 10 showed this belief to be wrong—even a low-fidelity VR simulator can dramatically improve clinical performance. The fidelity of the simulation should be appropriate. For laparoscopic cholecystectomy where immediate clinical risk to the patient is low, a low-fidelity simulator trains safe skills. For work in the
Now and the future
Interventional cardiologists, radiologists, and endovascular surgeons have the opportunity to learn carotid stenting on a full procedural VR simulator.14 The complete simulation package probably represents the most advanced VR for medical simulation in the world today. The implication of having this quality of simulation and objective metrics readily available is that only physicians who clearly show proficiency on the simulator will be approved to do the procedure on patients. It also means
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