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Vacunas (English Edition) Preliminary analysis of combined vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus an...
Journal Information
Vol. 26. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
Vol. 26. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
Review article
Preliminary analysis of combined vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus
Análisis preliminar de las vacunas combinadas frente al virus respiratorio sincitial y el metapneumovirus humano
Jordi Reina
Corresponding author
jorge.reina@ssib.es

Corresponding author.
, Eugenia Cabrera
Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universitat Illes Balears, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Abstract

The epidemiological and etiological importance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in lower respiratory tract infections, both in children and adults, dictates the need for a combined vaccine that protects against both viruses. Both viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome of 15.2 kb for RSV and 13.3 kb for hMPV. Serotypes or subgroups that cocirculate each season have been described for both viruses. Of the different proteins contained in both viruses, the F proteins have a high degree of similarity in structure and conformation, sharing between 30 and 35% of their sequence; therefore, they have been used to develop combined vaccines. Attenuated combined vaccines use a strain of hMPV deleted in the SH gene, which is replaced by the RSV F protein gene. This strain replicated in cell cultures and mice allowing for the initiation of a trial in mice. The humoral and cellular immunity induced by this vaccine was heterologous and encompassed different subtypes of both viruses, and also protected animals from exogenous infection. Preliminary data have been reported on a combined mRNA vaccine with the F protein in its preF form. The results showed that both vaccines increased neutralizing antibody titers against RSV-A and RSV-B, and hMPV in children aged 5–8 months and 8–23 months who were both seronegative and previously seronegative against this virus, meaning that the immune response is independent of the prior presence of antibodies. A chimeric vaccine consisting of the globular head of the RSV F protein and the stem of hMPV is also in the very preliminary phase. Definitive data are not yet available, yet it is quite possible that a combined vaccine that could prevent RSV and hMPV infections will be available in the near future.

Keywords:
Respiratory syncytial virus
Human metapneumovirus
Combined vaccines
Resumen

La importancia epidemiológica y etiológica del virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) y del metapneumovirus humano (hMPV) en las infecciones respiratorias de vías bajas, tanto en la población infantil como adulta, determina la necesidad de disponer de una vacuna combinada que proteja frente a ambos virus. Ambos virus poseen un genoma monofilar de ARN de 15,2 kb para el VRS y de 13,3 kb para el hMPV. En ambos virus se han descrito serotipos o subgrupos que cocirculan cada temporada. De las diferentes proteínas que contienen, la F presenta una elevada similitud de estructura y conformación, compartiendo entre un 30–35% de su secuencia para ambos virus; por ello, se ha utilizado para desarrollar vacunas combinadas. Las vacunas combinadas atenuadas utilizan una cepa de hMPV delecionada en el gen SH, que es sustituido por el gen de la proteína F del VRS. Esta cepa se replica en cultivos celulares y ratones, por lo que permitió iniciar un ensayo en ratones. La inmunidad humoral y celular inducida por esta vacuna era heteróloga y abarcaba diferentes subtipos de ambos virus, además, protegía a los animales de la infección exógena. Se han comunicado los datos preliminares de una vacuna de ARN mensajero combinada con la proteína F en su forma preF. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que ambas vacunas incrementaban el título de anticuerpos neutralizantes frente al VRS-A, VRS-B y hMPV en niños de 5–8 meses y de 8–23 meses, tanto seropositivos como los previamente seronegativos frente a este virus, es decir, que la respuesta inmune es independiente de la presencia previa de anticuerpos.

También está en fase muy preliminar una vacuna quimérica, formada por la cabeza globular de la proteína F del VRS y el tallo del hMPV. Todavía no hay datos definitivos, aunque es muy posible que en un futuro cercano se disponga de una vacuna combinada que prevenga las infecciones por VRS y hMPV.

Palabras clave:
Virus respiratorio sincitial
Metapneumovirus humano
Vacunas combinadas

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