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Revista Española de Patología Post-mortem ultrasound-guided biopsies: A valuable tool for investigating novel ...
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Vol. 59. Núm. 2.
(Abril - Junio 2026)
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Vol. 59. Núm. 2.
(Abril - Junio 2026)
Original

Post-mortem ultrasound-guided biopsies: A valuable tool for investigating novel diseases

Biopsias post mortem guiadas por ecografía: una herramienta valiosa para investigar enfermedades emergentes
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Ánxela Vidal Gonzáleza,b,
Autor para correspondencia
anxelavidal@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Juan José Páez Vargasc, Ana María Vicente Montañad,e, Mariona Cabero Pirisd, José Ramón Fortes Alenf, Miguel de Górgolas Hernandéz-Morag, Laura Prieto Pérezg
a Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Vithas Madrid Aravaca, Spain
b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Alcorcón, Spain
c Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
d National Centre of Electron Microscopy, ICTS-CNME, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
e Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
f Department of Pathology, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
g Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Introduction

While autopsies are the gold standard for investigating infectious diseases, their use is limited by infrastructure, staffing, or safety concerns during outbreaks. Post-mortem ultrasound-guided biopsies offer a practical, minimally invasive alternative for tissue sampling.

Methods

This case series included 60 deceased COVID-19 patients from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and hospital wards (HWs). A total of 108 post-mortem specimens were obtained, including five necropsies, three of which were complemented by post-mortem biopsies. Percutaneous biopsies were performed at bedside within the first hour post-mortem, while necropsies were performed between 3h and 3 days after death. Samples were analysed using morphological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and ultrastructural techniques, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Epidemiological and clinical data were collected prior to death.

Results

Necropsies provided lung, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and testicular samples, with procedure durations ranging from 3 to 5h. Tru-cut biopsies were faster, less invasive, and more cost-effective, with an average cost of €180 compared to €1500–€3000 for autopsies. High-quality samples for IHC and TEM analysis were obtained, with a success rate of 83% for lung biopsies, 100% for liver, 79% for kidney, and 67% for spleen samples. The minimally invasive nature of biopsies improved acceptance by families, particularly in cases when full autopsies were not feasible.

Conclusions

Post-mortem biopsies represent a valuable alternative to autopsies, providing high-quality samples, improved accessibility, lower costs, and faster processing. Their minimally invasive nature and ability to obtain key organ samples enhance feasibility in both clinical and research settings, supporting broader application in the investigation of emerging diseases.

Keywords:
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Autopsy
Biopsy needle
Critical illness
Electron microscopy
Abbreviations:
ARDS
APACHE II
COVID-19
CNME
DAD
ECMO
ESBL
H&E
HW
ICU
IHC
IQR
MERS-CoV
RT-PCR
SARS-CoV-2
SPSS
TEM
Resumen
Introducción

Las autopsias constituyen el procedimiento de referencia en la investigación de enfermedades infecciosas, pero su uso puede verse limitado por restricciones logísticas, de personal o bioseguridad, especialmente durante brotes epidémicos. Las biopsias post mortem guiadas por ecografía ofrecen una alternativa práctica y mínimamente invasiva para la obtención de muestras tisulares.

Métodos

Esta serie de casos analítica incluyó a 60 pacientes con COVID-19 fallecidos en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) o plantas de hospitalización. Se recogieron 108 muestras post mortem, que incluían cinco necropsias (tres de ellas complementadas con biopsias). Las biopsias percutáneas se realizaron a pie de cama en la primera hora tras el fallecimiento; las necropsias, entre las 3horas y los 3días post mortem. Las muestras se analizaron mediante técnicas morfológicas, inmunohistoquímicas (IHQ) y ultraestructurales, incluida la microscopia electrónica de transmisión (MET). Se recogieron datos clínicos y epidemiológicos previos al fallecimiento.

Resultados

Las necropsias permitieron obtener muestras de múltiples órganos (pulmón, corazón, riñón, hígado, bazo, médula ósea y testículo), con una duración de 3-5horas por procedimiento. Las biopsias con Tru-cut fueron más rápidas, menos invasivas y más rentables (180€ frente a 1.500-3.000€ por autopsia). Se lograron muestras válidas para IHQ y MET, con tasas de éxito del 83% en pulmón, del 100% en hígado, del 79% en riñón y del 67% en bazo. Su carácter mínimamente invasivo favoreció la aceptación por parte de las familias.

Conclusiones

Las biopsias post mortem constituyen una herramienta eficaz para investigar enfermedades emergentes, al permitir obtener muestras de calidad de órganos clave, con menor coste y mayor viabilidad que las autopsias convencionales.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Autopsia
Biopsia por punción
Enfermedad crítica
Microscopia electrónica

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