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Psiquiatría Biológica Classical biomarkers and omics analysis in bipolar disorder
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Vol. 33. Issue. 3.
(Julio - Septiembre 2026)
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Vol. 33. Issue. 3.
(Julio - Septiembre 2026)
Review Article

Classical biomarkers and omics analysis in bipolar disorder

Biomarcadores clásicos y ómico en el trastorno bipolar
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543
Gabriela Velasco, Lauren Guevara, Luz Elena Triana-Vidal
Corresponding author
luz.trianav@unilibre.edu.co

Corresponding author.
Programa de medicina, Facultad de salud, Universidad Libre, Carrera 109 No. 22-00, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
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Abstract
Background

Bipolar disorder (BD) exhibits high clinical heterogeneity, hampering its diagnosis and treatment. Traditional biomarkers based on neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and inflammation have helped identify neuroanatomical and functional alterations; however, their sensitivity and specificity remain limited. In response to this issue, omics technologies have emerged to enhance diagnostic accuracy and identify subgroups with differentiated therapeutic responses. This article aims to describe and compare classical and omics biomarkers in the search for predictive markers for bipolar disorder.

Methods

A systematic review of 23 studies (12 on traditional biomarkers and 11 on omics technologies) in bipolar disorder (BD) was conducted, including original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that evaluated classical and omics biomarkers. The risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by consensus with a third reviewer. The analysis focused on diagnostic accuracy, patient stratification, and the predictive capacity of biomarkers.

Results

The review integrated data from multiple studies indicating that omics-based methods improved diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional biomarkers while also enabling the identification of patient subgroups with differentiated therapeutic responses, providing a more comprehensive perspective on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disorder.

Conclusion

Measuring various biomarkers suggests personalized therapeutic approaches, including anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and nutritional interventions, to enhance treatment and prognosis.

Keywords:
Bipolar disorder
Omics
Biomarkers
Classical
Predictive
Resumen
Introducción

El trastorno bipolar es una afección psiquiátrica caracterizada por una amplia heterogeneidad clínica, lo que complica su diagnóstico y tratamiento. A pesar de los avances en biomarcadores clásicos como la neuroimagen, los neurotransmisores y los indicadores inflamatorios, su sensibilidad y especificidad aún son limitadas.

Objetivo

Describir y comparar los biomarcadores clásicos y las tecnologías ómicas para identificar marcadores predictivos en el trastorno bipolar.

Métodos

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de 23 estudios publicados desde 2015, que incluyeron investigaciones originales, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis enfocados en biomarcadores clásicos y ómicos. Se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo mediante herramientas estandarizadas como RoB2 y ROBINS-I, y se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo comparativo.

Resultados

Los hallazgos muestran que las tecnologías ómicas superan a los biomarcadores tradicionales en precisión diagnóstica y permiten identificar subgrupos de pacientes con respuestas terapéuticas diferenciadas. Se observaron alteraciones moleculares significativas en lípidos, proteínas, factores neurotróficos, metabolitos y expresión génica, lo que proporciona una visión más integral de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del trastorno bipolar.

Conclusiones

La integración de biomarcadores inflamatorios, metabólicos y ómicos en la evaluación clínica del paciente con trastorno bipolar podría facilitar una medicina más personalizada. Este enfoque permitiría no solo mejorar el diagnóstico temprano y el pronóstico, sino también optimizar las estrategias terapéuticas.

Palabras clave:
Trastorno bipolar
Ómicas
Biomarcadores
Clásicos
Predictivos

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