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Medicina de Familia. SEMERGEN Metabolic age as a marker of cardiometabolic risk: Relationships with metabolic ...
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Vol. 52. Núm. 4.
(Mayo - Junio 2026)
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Vol. 52. Núm. 4.
(Mayo - Junio 2026)
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Metabolic age as a marker of cardiometabolic risk: Relationships with metabolic syndrome, hypertriglyceridemic waist, and hypertensive waist phenotypes in a large occupational cohort

Edad metabólica como marcador de riesgo cardiometabólico: relaciones con el síndrome metabólico, la cintura hipertrigliceridémica y los fenotipos de cintura hipertensiva en una gran cohorte ocupacional
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I. Ramírez-Gallegosa, P.J. Tárraga Lópezb,
Autor para correspondencia
pjtarraga@sescam.jccm.es

Corresponding author.
, M. Marina Arroyoa, Á.A. López-Gonzáleza,c,d, I. Coll Campayoa, C. Busquets-Cortésa, J.I. Ramírez-Manenta,c,d,e
a ADEMA University School, Balearic Islands, Spain
b Faculty of Dentistry, University School ADEMA Balearic Islands, Spain
c Balearic Islands Institute of Health Research (IDISBA), Balearic Islands Health Research Institute Foundation, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
d Balearic Islands Health Service, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
e Faculty of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Abstract
Background

Metabolic age (MA) has been proposed as an integrative, clinically intuitive indicator of physiological aging that may capture clustered cardiometabolic risk better than single traits.

Objective

We examined the association and discriminative performance of MA with metabolic syndrome (MetS) defined by NCEP ATP III, IDF, and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria, and with the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) and hypertensive waist (HTAW) phenotypes, in a large occupational cohort.

Methods

Cross-sectional analytic study of Spanish workers attending routine occupational health examinations (January–June 2022). A total of 8590 employees (4104 men; 4486 women), aged 18–69 years, with standardized anthropometry, blood pressure, and fasting laboratory testing were included. MA was obtained via multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis; high MA was defined as MA ≥chronological age. Negative MA values (metabolic age lower than chronological age) indicate a metabolically younger or healthier profile, while positive values reflect accelerated metabolic aging and higher cardiometabolic risk. Five multivariable logistic models estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs, 95% CI) for high MA across the five phenotypes; covariates included sex, age group, social class, smoking, physical activity, and Mediterranean diet adherence. Sex-stratified ROC analyses assessed discrimination (AUC); optimal thresholds were derived using Youden's index.

Results

High MA showed strong, independent associations with all phenotypes: MetS NCEP ATP III, OR 8.01 (95% CI 6.79–9.24); MetS IDF, OR 10.96 (9.23–12.80); MetS JIS, OR 7.94 (6.78–9.10); HTGW, OR 7.44 (6.10–8.79); HTAW, OR 13.97 (11.82–16.13). Behavioral and socioeconomic gradients were coherent across models (e.g., physical inactivity OR range 3.99–4.60; low Mediterranean diet adherence 2.38–2.61; smoking 1.17–1.23; lower social class III 2.27–2.42; men vs women 1.07–1.18). Sex-specific ROC analyses indicated good discrimination: AUCs (women/men) were 0.836/0.825 (NCEP ATP III), 0.835/0.833 (IDF), 0.819/0.807 (JIS), 0.813/0.849 (HTGW), and 0.827/0.865 (HTAW). Optimal MA cut-offs (difference MA–chronological age) ranged from −2 to +2 years across phenotypes and sex, yielding balanced sensitivity (∼75–82%) and specificity (∼75–77%).

Conclusions

In a large occupational cohort, MA – derived from bioimpedance – was strongly and consistently associated with MetS (across three definitions) and with HTGW and HTAW, and it discriminated these phenotypes with AUCs ∼0.81–0.87. MA appears to be a feasible, low-burden metric that complements waist-based screening to prioritize preventive actions in workplace health programs. Longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to confirm temporal relationships, refine MA thresholds by sex and age, and quantify incremental prognostic value beyond established risk indices.

Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome
Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype
Hypertensive waist phenotype
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
Metabolic age
Resumen
Antecedentes

La edad metabólica (EM) se ha propuesto como un indicador integrador y clínicamente intuitivo del envejecimiento fisiológico, capaz de captar mejor el riesgo cardiometabólico agrupado que los rasgos individuales.

Objetivo

Se examinan la asociación y el poder discriminativo de la EM con el síndrome metabólico (SM), definido según los criterios del NCEP ATP III, la IDF y la Declaración Conjunta Interina (JIS), y con los fenotipos de cintura hipertrigliceridémica (CHT) y cintura hipertensiva (CHH), en una amplia cohorte ocupacional.

Métodos

Estudio analítico transversal de trabajadores españoles que acudieron a revisiones médicas rutinarias (enero-junio de 2022). Se incluyeron 8590 empleados (4104 hombres; 4486 mujeres), de 18 a 69 años, con antropometría, presión arterial y análisis de laboratorio en ayunas estandarizados. La EM se obtuvo mediante análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica multifrecuencia; se definió EM elevada como EM ≥ edad cronológica. Los valores negativos de EM (edad metabólica inferior a la edad cronológica) indican un perfil metabólico más joven o saludable, mientras que los valores positivos reflejan un envejecimiento metabólico acelerado y un mayor riesgo cardiometabólico. Cinco modelos de regresión logística multivariable estimaron las odds ratios ajustadas (OR, IC del 95%) para una EM elevada en los cinco fenotipos; las covariables incluyeron sexo, grupo de edad, clase social, tabaquismo, actividad física y adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Los análisis ROC estratificados por sexo evaluaron la discriminación (AUC); los umbrales óptimos se derivaron utilizando el índice de Youden.

Resultados

Una EM elevada mostró asociaciones fuertes e independientes con todos los fenotipos: MetS NCEP ATP III, OR 8,01 (IC del 95%: 6,79-9,24); MetS IDF, OR 10,96 (9,23-12,80); MetS JIS, OR 7,94 (6,78-9,10); HTGW, OR 7,44 (6,10-8,79). HTAW, OR 13,97 (11,82-16,13). Los gradientes conductuales y socioeconómicos fueron coherentes entre los modelos (p. ej., inactividad física, OR 3,99-4,60; baja adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, 2,38-2,61; tabaquismo, 1,17-1,23; clase social baja III, 2,27-2,42; hombres vs. mujeres, 1,07-1,18). Los análisis ROC específicos por sexo indicaron una buena discriminación: las AUC (mujeres/hombres) fueron 0,836/0,825 (NCEP ATP III), 0,835/0,833 (IDF), 0,819/0,807 (JIS), 0,813/0,849 (HTGW) y 0,827/0,865 (HTAW). Los puntos de corte óptimos de la EM (diferencia entre la EM y la edad cronológica) oscilaron entre −2 y +2 años según el fenotipo y el sexo, con una sensibilidad equilibrada (75-82%) y una especificidad equilibrada (75-77%).

Conclusiones

La EM —derivada de la bioimpedancia— se asoció de forma fuerte y consistente con el síndrome metabólico (según tres definiciones) y con la obesidad abdominal, y discriminó estos fenotipos con AUC de 0,81 a 0,87. La EM parece ser una métrica factible y de bajo coste que complementa la evaluación basada en la circunferencia de cintura para priorizar las acciones preventivas en los programas de salud laboral. Se requieren estudios longitudinales e intervencionales para confirmar las relaciones temporales, refinar los umbrales de EM por sexo y edad, y cuantificar el valor pronóstico incremental más allá de los índices de riesgo establecidos.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome metabólico
Fenotipo de cintura hipertrigliceridémica
Fenotipo de cintura hipertensiva
Análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica
Edad metabólica

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