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Systematic review

Intensive versus standard blood pressure control in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Control intensivo frente a control estándar de la presión arterial en pacientes con y sin diabetes tipo 2: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
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João Victor de Oliveira Ramosa,
Autor para correspondencia
ramosjoaovictor9713@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, João Vitor Andrade Fernandesa, Flávia Maria Camilo Madruga de Oliveira Limaa, José Lucas Toscano Matiasa, Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrãob, Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Meloa
a Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
b Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Abstract
Background

The optimal intensity of blood pressure (BP) control in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) remains unclear.

Objectives

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing intensive versus standard BP control, stratified by T2D status.

Methods

Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and serious adverse events (SAEs); secondary outcomes included death from cardiovascular causes and occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using DerSimonian–Laird random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic, and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were conducted for all outcomes.

Results

Six trials comprising 41,210 participants were included. Intensive BP control significantly reduced death from cardiovascular causes (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.56–0.93), incidence of MI (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.74–0.97), and stroke (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.68–0.89). The reduction in all-cause mortality was significant in patients without T2D (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.59–0.90), but not in those with T2D (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.85–1.14). Intensive control was associated with a non-significant increase in SAEs overall (OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.90–1.46), with higher estimates in patients with T2D.

Conclusions

Intensive BP control reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in non-diabetic patients. In those with T2D, benefits are attenuated and may be counterbalanced by safety concerns. BP targets should be individualized based on diabetes status and clinical context.

Keywords:
Blood pressure
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
Resumen
Introducción

La intensidad óptima del control de la presión arterial (PA) en pacientes con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) sigue sin estar clara.

Objetivos

Realizamos una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorios que comparaban el control intensivo de la PA con el control estándar, estratificados según el estado de DM2.

Métodos

Los resultados primarios fueron la mortalidad por todas las causas y los eventos adversos graves (EAG); los resultados secundarios incluyeron la muerte por causas cardiovasculares y la aparición de infarto de miocardio (IM) y accidente cerebrovascular. Se calcularon las odds ratio (OR) combinadas con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% utilizando modelos de efectos aleatorios de DerSimonian-Laird. La heterogeneidad se evaluó con la estadística I2, y se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad de «dejar uno fuera» para todos los resultados.

Resultados

Se incluyeron seis ensayos con 41.210 participantes. El control intensivo de la PA redujo significativamente la mortalidad por causas cardiovasculares (OR 0,72; IC del 95%: 0,56-0,93), la incidencia de IM (OR 0,85; IC del 95%: 0,74-0,97) y los accidentes cerebrovasculares (OR 0,78; IC del 95%: 0,68-0,89). La reducción de la mortalidad por todas las causas fue significativa en los pacientes sin DM2 (OR 0,73; IC del 95%: 0,59-0,90), pero no en los que padecían DM2 (OR 0,99; IC del 95%: 0,85-1,14). El control intensivo se asoció con un aumento no significativo de los EAG en general (OR 1,15; IC del 95%: 0,90-1,46), con estimaciones más altas en pacientes con DM2.

Conclusiones

El control intensivo de la PA reduce los eventos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad en pacientes no diabéticos. En los pacientes con DM2, los beneficios se atenúan y pueden verse contrarrestados por cuestiones de seguridad. Los objetivos de PA deben individualizarse en función del estado de la diabetes y el contexto clínico.

Palabras clave:
Presión arterial
Hipertensión
Diabetes tipo 2

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