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Vol. 30. Núm. S2.
Infections in solid organ transplantation
Páginas 76-85 (Marzo 2012)
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Vol. 30. Núm. S2.
Infections in solid organ transplantation
Páginas 76-85 (Marzo 2012)
Acceso a texto completo
Infections in solid organ transplantation in special situations: HIV-infection and immigration
Infecciones en el trasplante de órgano sólido en situaciones especiales: infección por el VIH e inmigrantes
Visitas
3383
José M. Miróa,
Autor para correspondencia
jmmiro@ub.edu

Corresponding author.
, Marino Blanesb, Francesca Normanc, Pilar Martín-Dávilac
a Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
c Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, patients infected with HIV are now living longer and are dying from illnesses other than acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Liver disease due to chronic hepatitis C is now a leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients in the developed world. The prevalence of end-stage kidney or heart disease is also increasing among HIV-infected patients. For these patients, solid organ transplantation (SOT) is the only therapeutic option and HIV infection alone is not a contraindication. Accumulated experience in North America and Europe in the last few years indicates that 3- to 5-year survival in liver recipients coinfected with HIV and HCV is lower than that of HCV-monoinfected recipients. Conversely, 3- to 5-year survival of non-HCV-coinfected liver recipients and kidney recipients was similar to that of HIV-negative patients. Infections in the post-transplant period in HIV-infected recipients are similar to those seen in HIV-negative patients, although the incidence of some of them (e.g. tuberculosis and fungal infections) is higher. In the USA and Europe the number of immigrants from areas with endemic geographically-restricted infections has increased significantly in recent years. These changes in the population profile have led to an increase in the percentage of foreign-born transplant candidates and donors. Organ transplant recipients may develop endemic diseases in four ways: Transmission through the graft; de novo infection; reactivation of dormant infection; and reinfection/reactivation in a healthy graft. In foreign-born recipients, there is the possibility of endemic infections manifesting in the post-transplant period as a consequence of immunosuppression. These issues are modifying the criteria for donor selection and have also expanded pre-transplant screening for infectious diseases in both donors and transplant recipients. Some infectious diseases such as Chagas disease, endemic fungal infections, tuberculosis (which could be multidrug- or extensively drug-resistant according the origin of the recipient), leishmaniasis and other viral and parasitic diseases should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of post-transplant infections in foreign-born recipients.

Keywords:
AIDS
Antiretroviral treatment
Chagas disease
Endemic fungal infection
Foreign-born recipients
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Heart transplantation
HIV infection
Immigration
Invasive fungal infection
Kidney transplantation
Leishmaniasis
Liver transplantation
Parasitic diseases
Post-transplant infections
Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections
Tuberculosis
Resumen

Con la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad en el año 1996, los pacientes infectados con el VIH están viviendo más tiempo y mueren por otras enfermedades que el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida). La cirrosis hepática debida al virus de la hepatitis C es ahora la principal causa de mortalidad entre los pacientes coinfectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en el mundo desarrollado. La prevalencia de la enfermedad en fase terminal renal y cardíaca también está aumentando entre los pacientes infectados por VIH. Para estos pacientes, el trasplante de órgano sólido (TOS) es la única opción terapéutica y la infección por VIH por sí sola no es una contraindicación. La experiencia acumulada en América del Norte y Europa en los últimos años indica que a los 3–5 años del trasplante la supervivencia en los receptores de hígado coinfectados por el VIH y el VHC es menor que la de los monoinfectados por el VHC. Por el contrario, la supervivencia a los 3–5 años de los trasplantes de hígado en pacientes no coinfectados por el VHC y de los trasplantes de riñón es similar a la de los pacientes VIH negativos. Las infecciones en el período postrasplante en los receptores infectados por el VIH son similares a las observadas en los pacientes VIH negativos, aunque la incidencia de algunas de ellas (p. ej., la tuberculosis y las infecciones por hongos) es mayor. Por otro lado, en EE.UU. y Europa, el número de inmigrantes procedentes de zonas endémicas con infecciones geográficamente restringidas se ha incrementado significativamente en los últimos años. Estos cambios en el perfil de la población han dado lugar a un aumento en el porcentaje de candidatos a trasplante y de donantes nacidos en el extranjero. Los receptores de órganos trasplantados pueden desarrollar enfermedades endémicas debido a cuatro causas: la transmisión a través del injerto, la infección de novo, la reactivación de la infección latente y la reinfección/ reactivación de un injerto sano. En el receptor de origen extranjero se deben considerar las infecciones endémicas en el período postrasplante como consecuencia de la inmunosupresión. Estos temas están modificando los criterios de selección de donantes y también se ha ampliado el cribado pretrasplante de enfermedades infecciosas tanto en los donantes como en los receptores de trasplantes. Algunas enfermedades infecciosas como la enfermedad de Chagas, las infecciones por hongos endémicas, la tuberculosis (que podría ser multirresistente o extremadamente resistente, según el origen del receptor), la leishmaniasis y otras enfermedades virales y parasitarias se deben considerar siempre en el diagnóstico diferencial de las infecciones en el postrasplante en los receptores nacidos en el extranjero.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Chagas
Enfermedades parasitarias
Infección por hongos endémicos
Infección fúngica invasiva
Infección por el VIH
Infecciones postrasplante
Inmigración
Leishmaniasis
Nacidos en el extranjero
Profilaxis de las infecciones oportunistas
Sida
Tratamiento antirretroviral
Trasplante hepático
Trasplante renal
Trasplante de corazón
Tuberculosis
Virus de la hepatitis C
Virus de la hepatitis B
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