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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 70-77 (Mayo 2005)
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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 70-77 (Mayo 2005)
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
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Soporte nutricional basado en la evidencia en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
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M.C. Cuerda Compés
Autor para correspondencia
mcuerda.hgugm@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Dra. M.C. Cuerda Compés. Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Doctor Esquerdo, 46. 28007 Madrid. España.
, I. Bretón Lesmes, M. Camblor Álvarez, P. García Peris
Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España
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Los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal se encuentran en riesgo de desnutrición, por lo que debería realizarse un cribado nutricional en todos ellos para identificar a los enfermos que requerirán una valoración nutricional formal. En los pacientes en los que esté indicado iniciar un soporte nutricional debería utilizarse la nutrición enteral (por vía oral o por sonda). No existen diferencias significativas entre las dietas enterales elementales y no elementales para inducir la remisión en pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn. No obstante, dada la mejor tolerancia de estas últimas, las dietas poliméricas son preferidas por la mayoría de autores. La nutrición enteral no debería utilizarse como tratamiento primario de elección en los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn, ya que induce un número de remisiones inferior al tratamiento esteroideo. Aunque se ha especulado que la grasa de la dieta (cantidad y tipo de grasa) podría tener influencia en la evolución de la enfermedad, los estudios de que disponemos son insuficientes para hacer recomendaciones a este respecto. Tampoco existe evidencia en la actualidad de que la glutamina sea eficaz para inducir la remisión en la enfermedad de Crohn. La utilización de probióticos presenta un alto nivel de evidencia en el tratamiento de mantenimiento y en la prevención de la pouchitis postoperatoria, aunque menor en la colitis ulcerosa y la enfermedad de Crohn. Se necesitan más estudios para investigar algunos problemas, como la dosis, la duración del tratamiento, la utilización por separado o asociando varias cepas, así como el uso concomitante de prebióticos, simbióticos o antibióticos.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
Enfermedad de Crohn
Colitis ulcerosa
Malnutrición
Nutrición enteral
Nutrición parenteral
Glutamina
Prebióticos
Probióticos
Abstract

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk for malnutrition. Consequently all patients with inflammatory bowel disease should undergo nutritional screening to identify those who require thorough nutritional evaluation. When nutritional support is indicated, enteral nutrition (oral or through a tube) should be used. There are no significant differences between elemental and non-elemental enteral diets in inducing remission of Crohn's disease (CD). Nevertheless, given that non-elemental diets are better tolerated, most authors prefer polymeric diets. Enteral nutrition should not be used as the primary treatment of choice in patients with CD, since they are less effective in inducing remission than steroid therapy. Although dietary fat (quantity and type of fat) might influence the course of the disease, recommendations cannot be made on the basis of the available studies. Equally, there is insufficient evidence that glutamine is effective in inducing remission in CD. The use of probiotics presents a high level of evidence in maintenance treatment and in the prevention of postoperative pouchitis, although the level of evidence is lower in ulcerative colitis and CD. Further studies are required to investigate several issues such as dose, treatment duration, the separate or combined use of several strains, as well as the concomitant use of prebiotics, symbiotics or antibiotics.

Key words:
Inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Malnutrition
Enteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition
Glutamine
Prebiotics
Probiotics
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