Información del artículo
La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida causada por la destrucción de las células productoras de insulina por parte del sistema inmunitario. Se conocen factores genéticos y desencadenantes ambientales que confieren susceptibilidad de desarrollar la enfermedad, así como alteraciones inmunológicas asociadas al proceso inflamatorio de los islotes que se detallan en esta revisión. Estos datos, junto con los modelos animales desarrollados –espontáneos o genéticamente manipulados– y los ensayos clínicos para evitar la manifestación de la enfermedad, han generado conocimiento y multitud de hipótesis, pero hasta el momento no existe prevención efectiva frente a la diabetes autoinmune. Es de esperar que las investigaciones presentes y futuras sobre la diabetes tipo 1 consigan determinar la etiología de la enfermedad y lograr la prevención o tratamientos de tolerancia inmunológica eficaces.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a disease of unknown etiology caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells by the immune system. Genetic and environmental predisposing factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to the disease, as well as immunological alterations associated with the inflammatory process of the islets, have been identified and are described in the present review. These data, together with the animal models that have been developed, whether spontaneous or genetically manipulated, and the clinical trials to prevent manifestation of the disease have generated knowledge and multiple hypotheses but effective prevention against autoimmune diabetes is still lacking. Hopefully, present and future research on type 1 diabetes will determine its etiology and will provide effective prevention or treatment.
Palabras clave:
Diabetes mellitus
Autoinmunidad
Islotes
Tolerancia
Autoantígenos
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