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Vol. 50. Núm. 9.
Páginas 363-368 (Septiembre 2003)
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Vol. 50. Núm. 9.
Páginas 363-368 (Septiembre 2003)
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Hiperandrogenismo en la mujer diabética: rol de la resistencia insulínica y de la hiperinsulinemia
Hyperandrogenism in women with diabetes mellitus: role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
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G. García-Romero De Tejada, H.F. Escobar-Morreale
Autor para correspondencia
hector.escobar@uam.es

Correspondencia: Dr. H.F. Escobar-Morreale. Servicio de Endocrinología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Ctra. Colmenar, Km 9,1. 28034 Madrid. España.
Servicio de Endocrinología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. España
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Desde hace más de 75 años se ha relacionado el hiperandrogenismo con las alteraciones en el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono y, aunque los mecanismos no se han esclarecido por completo, la resistencia a la insulina juega un papel importante en la patogenia de estas dos enfermedades.

El síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP) es la enfermedad endocrinológica más frecuente en mujeres en edad fértil y se caracteriza por hiperandrogenismo, oligo o anovulación crónica, hiperinsulinismo y resistencia a la insulina. El hiperinsulinismo puede contribuir al hiperandrogenismo estimulando la síntesis de andrógenos en las células tecales del ovario, reduciendo la síntesis hepática de SHBG (aumentando por tanto la fracción libre de andrógenos circulantes) e interfiriendo en el normal funcionamiento del eje hipotálamo-hipofisogonadal, dando lugar de esta manera a hiperandrogenismo, alteraciones menstruales y anovulación.

Además de la resistencia a la insulina y de la frecuente asociación con obesidad, existe una alteración en la función de la célula beta, incluso en ausencia de intolerancia hidrocarbonada, siendo éste un defecto más frecuente en pacientes con historia familiar de diabetes. Este hecho, sumado a la resistencia a la insulina característica del SOP, hace que la incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sea más frecuente en este tipo de pacientes. Por otro lado, también existe evidencia a favor de un riesgo aumentado de SOP en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Aunque la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 se caracteriza por una deficiencia absoluta en la secreción de insulina, puede existir un cierto grado de hiperinsulinismo exógeno como resultado de las dosis suprafisiológicas de insulina necesarias para mantener un control metabólico estricto. Como consecuencia de este hiperinsulinismo, podría producirse un aumento en la producción de andrógenos, de tal forma que se ha observado una prevalencia aumentada de manifestaciones hiperandrogénicas en las pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

Palabras clave:
Hiperandrogenismo
Resistencia a la insulina
Hiperinsulinemia
Síndrome de ovario poliquístico
Diabetes

The association between hyperandrogenism and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism was first noted 75 years ago and, although the precise mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood, insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of both disorders.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, and is characterized by hyperandrogenism, cronic oligo/anovulation, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance.

Hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the androgen excess present in women with PCOS by stimulating androgen synthesis in thecal cells, decreasing hepatic synthesis of SHBG (leading to an increase of the free androgen concentrations) and interfering with the normal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, finally leading to hyperandrogenism, menstrual dysfunction and anovulation.

In addition to insulin resistance and a high prevalence of obesity, these patients have impaired ß-cell function, even in absence of clinically evident glucose intolerance, especially in patients with familiar history of diabetes. This, together with the insulin resistance characteristic of PCOS increased the frequency of type 2 diabetes in these patients. Moreover, women with type 2 diabetes have a greater risk of developing PCOS compared to non diabetic women.

Although type 1 diabetes is the characterized by complete abolition of endogenous insulin secretion, a certain degree of hyperinsulinism may exist, resulting from the relatively excessive insulin doses employed to achieve a strict metabolic control. This exogenous hyperinsulinism may increase the adrenal and ovarian androgen secretion and an increased prevalence of hyperandrogenic disorders have been reported in type 1 diabetic women.

Key words:
Hyperandrogenism
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Diabetes
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