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Vol. 59. Núm. 5.
Páginas 407-414 (Enero 2007)
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Vol. 59. Núm. 5.
Páginas 407-414 (Enero 2007)
Acceso a texto completo
Síndrome compartimental abdominal en el postoperatorio de un paciente con aneurisma de aorta abdominal infrarrenal fisurado. Caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía
Abdominal compartment syndrome in the post-operative period in a patient with a fissured aneurysm in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. A case report and review of the literature
Visitas
4600
L. Rodríguez-Lorenzoa,
Autor para correspondencia
lrodrigloren@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular. Hospital General Universitari de Bellvitge. Feixa Llarga, s/n. E-08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona). Fax: +34 932 607 515.
, A. Romeraa, Z. Madrazo-Gonzálezb, J. Cotillas-Trullaa, T. Gracia-Guerreroc, M.A. Cairols-Castellotea
a Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular
b Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo
c Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación. Hospital General Universitari de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
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Información del artículo
Resumen
Introducción

El síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) representa una entidad clínica caracterizada por un aumento de la presión intraabdominal con potencial para provocar, si no se diagnostica y se corrige a tiempo, fallo multiorgánico progresivo y la muerte del paciente. En nuestra especialidad, el paradigma sería los enfermos con un aneurisma de aorta abdominal fisurado y tratados tanto con cirugía abierta convencional, como mediante técnicas endovasculares.

Caso clínico

Varón de 79 años con factores de riesgo vascular habituales, que acudió a Urgencias por un cuadro de dolor lumbar con masa abdominal pulsátil en la exploración. Tras la realización de una tomografía axial computarizada, que confirmó el diagnóstico y descartó la terapéutica endovascular, fue intervenido mediante cirugía abierta, en la que se realizó una exclusión del aneurisma y una derivación aortobifemoral. En el postoperatorio precoz presentó deterioro clínico progresivo, oligoanuria y distensión abdominal grave por lo que, tras descartar otras causas de fallo multiorgánico, se realizó medición de la presión intravesical ante la sospecha de posible SCA. Tras confirmar la situación de hiperpresión intraabdominal fue reintervenido para realizar una laparotomía descompresiva. En la revisión de la bibliografía se discute la fisiopatología, los métodos diagnósticos y el tratamiento del SCA. Conclusión. Existe un grupo de pacientes en los que la identificación de las situaciones de riesgo de desarrollar un SCA resulta vital para evitar, mediante una intervención precoz, un desenlace fatal hacia el fallo multiorgánico y el fallecimiento.

Palabras clave:
Aneurisma de aorta infrarrenal
Síndrome compartimental abdominal
Tratamiento
Summary
Introduction

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a clinical entity characterised by an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure which can potentially lead to progressive multiple organ failure and the death of the patient, if it is not diagnosed and corrected in time. In our speciality, the paradigm would be patients with a fissured abdominal aortic aneurysm who have been treated with both conventional open surgery and by means of endovascular techniques.

Case report

A 79-year-old male with the usual vascular risk factors, who visited the Emergency Department because of symptoms consisting in lower back pain and an abdominal pulsatile mass that was found in the examination. Following a computerised axial tomography scan, which confirmed the diagnosis and precluded the possibility of endovascular therapy, the patient was submitted to open surgery, which involved exclusion of the aneurysm and an aortobifemoral bypass. During the early phase of the post-operative period the patient showed progressive clinical deterioration, oligoanuria and severe abdominal distension. In consequence, after ruling out other causes of multiple organ failure and with the suspicion of possible ACS, the intravesical pressure was measured. After confirming the existence of high pressure within the abdomen, a second operation was performed to carry out a decompressive laparotomy. In the review of the literature, the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods and treatment of ACS are discussed. Conclusions. There is a group of patients in whom the identification of situations of higher risk of developing ACS is essential so that an early intervention can prevent a fatal outcome that leads to multiple organ failure and death.

Key words:
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Infrarenal aortic aneurysm
Treatment
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Copyright © 2007. SEACV
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