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Inicio Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition) Muscle invasive bladder cancer: Prognostic factors, follow-up and treatment of r...
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Vol. 41. Issue 6.
Pages 352-358 (July - August 2017)
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Vol. 41. Issue 6.
Pages 352-358 (July - August 2017)
Review article
Muscle invasive bladder cancer: Prognostic factors, follow-up and treatment of relapses
Cáncer vesical infiltrante: factores pronósticos, seguimiento y tratamiento de las recidivas
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C. Hernández-Fernández
Corresponding author
, F. Herranz-Amo, M. Moralejo-Gárate, D. Subirá-Ríos, J. Caño-Velasco, G. Barbas-Bernardos
Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Characteristics of the series with different treatments of local recurrence.
Table 2. Characteristics of the series with metastasectomy.
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Abstract
Context

Bladder cancer is the cause of more than 150,000 deaths per year. The overall rate of survival is approximately 45%, with a 10-year recurrence-free rate of 50–59%, with no changes in the last decade.

Objective

Due to a lack of agreement on the follow-up of cystectomy or on a uniform treatment when faced with the various types of recurrence, we have analyzed the most recent literature in an attempt to unify the criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.

Acquisition of evidence

Review of Spanish and English publications in the medical literature in the last 10 years, highlighting the most significant series in terms of the number of patients, follow-up time, as well as the existing meta-analyses.

Synthesis of the evidence

Recurrence after cystectomy can occur in the urinary apparatus (upper urinary tract or distal urethra) and local (cystectomy bed) and/or distant metastases. Despite strict control, more than 60% of the relapses are discovered based on symptoms and not by the routine follow-up test. Locoregional and distant relapses are more common the more advanced the stage at the time of cystectomy, going from 11–21% in pT2N0 to 52–72% when there is lymphocytic N+ involvement.

Recurrence in the urethra and/or upper urinary track has other prognostic factors such as multiplicity, the presence of Cis and involvement of prostatic stroma. There are various treatments for tumor relapses. Increasingly, the patient's comorbidity is considered when deciding on the therapeutic strategy. Treatments are typically multimodal and include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Conclusion

The follow-up of patients who undergo cystectomy should be individualized, taking into account the prognostic factors of recurrence and the patient's comorbidity, assuming that in some cases, multimodal treatment is indicated.

Keywords:
Bladder cancer
Cystectomy
Recurrence
Follow-up
Resumen
Contexto

El cáncer de vejiga es la causa de más de 150.000 muertes/año. La tasa de supervivencia global es de aproximadamente un 45% con un periodo libre de recurrencia a diez años del 50-59%, sin cambios en la última década.

Objetivo

Al no existir un acuerdo en el seguimiento tras cistectomía ni un tratamiento uniforme ante los distintos tipos de recidiva, analizamos la literatura más reciente para intentar unificar criterios en su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Adquisición de evidencia

Revisión de las publicaciones en castellano e inglés de la literatura médica en los últimos diez años, destacando las series más importantes en número de pacientes, tiempo de seguimiento, así como los metanaálisis existentes.

Síntesis de la evidencia

La recurrencia tras cistectomía puede producirse en el aparato urinario (tracto urinario superior o uretra distal), local (lecho de la cistectomía) y/o metástasis a distancia. A pesar de un control estricto, más del 60% de las recidivas se descubren en base a la sintomatología y no en las pruebas rutinarias de seguimiento. Las recidivas locorregionales y a distancia son más frecuentes cuanto más avanzado es el estadio en el momento de la cistectomía, pasando del 11-21% en pT2N0 al 52-72% cuando existe afectación linfática N+.

La recidiva a nivel uretral y/o en el aparato urinario superior tiene otros factores pronósticos como la multiplicidad, presencia de Cis, afectación del estroma prostático, etc. Los tratamientos de las recidivas tumorales son diversos y, cada vez más, se considera la comorbilidad del paciente a la hora de decidir la estrategia terapéutica. Habitualmente los tratamientos son multimodales, incluyendo cirugía, radio y quimioterapia.

Conclusión

El seguimiento de los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía debe ser personalizado teniendo en cuenta los factores pronósticos de recurrencia y la comorbilidad del paciente, asumiendo que, en algunos de ellos, estará indicado el tratamiento multimodal.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer vesical
Cistectomía
Recidiva
Seguimiento

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