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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo

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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo Impacto del manejo respiratorio en el abdomen abierto en los pacientes críticos...
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Vol. 26. Núm. 2.
(Abril - Junio 2026)
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471
Vol. 26. Núm. 2.
(Abril - Junio 2026)
Original

Impacto del manejo respiratorio en el abdomen abierto en los pacientes críticos: revisión de alcance

Impact of open abdomen management on respiratory outcomes in critically ill patients: A scoping review
Visitas
471
Christian Mora-Coelloa,c,
Autor para correspondencia
, Daniel Torres-Carpiob
a Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro, Ecuador
b Hospital General Docente de Calderón, Quito, Ecuador
c Hospital General Monte Sinaí, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Antecedentes

La técnica del abdomen abierto (AA) se utiliza con frecuencia en los casos de trauma, sepsis y síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA). Sin embargo, el impacto respiratorio del AA, en particular su relación con la presión intraabdominal (PIA), las estrategias de ventilación mecánica y las complicaciones pulmonares, aún no están suficientemente definidas. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo resumir la evidencia actual sobre las complicaciones respiratorias y el manejo ventilatorio en los pacientes críticos con AA.

Métodos

Se realizó una revisión de alcance siguiendo las directrices PRISMA-ScR mediante PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus (2010-2024). Se incluyeron estudios con pacientes adultos en la UCI con AA, que reportaron resultados respiratorios o estrategias ventilatorias. Los datos se sintetizaron de forma narrativa, se tabularon y se complementaron con mapeo bibliométrico.

Resultados

De los 479 estudios identificados, 5 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las complicaciones respiratorias más frecuentes fueron el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA), la neumonía asociada a la ventilación (NAV) y la disminución de la complacencia pulmonar en el contexto de una PIA elevada. Las estrategias ventilatorias fueron heterogéneas; sin embargo, la ventilación con protección pulmonar y la titulación individualizada de la PEEP según la PIA fueron las aproximaciones más frecuentes. La evidencia sugiere que ciertos pacientes con AA pueden ser extubados antes del cierre fascial.

Conclusiones

Esta revisión de alcance identificó evidencia limitada que sugiere que el AA afecta la mecánica respiratoria, particularmente la distensibilidad pulmonar y las presiones en la vía aérea en el contexto de PIA elevada. La escasa evidencia disponible impide establecer recomendaciones ventilatorias formales. Se identifican vacíos importantes de conocimiento en: objetivos de ventilación estandarizados, criterios para extubación temprana y consideraciones respiratorias en el momento del cierre abdominal.

Palabras clave:
Abdomen abierto
Síndrome compartimental abdominal
Hipertensión intraabdominal
Complicaciones respiratorias
Cuidados intensivos
Abstract
Background

The open abdomen (OA) technique is frequently used in trauma, sepsis, and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). However, the respiratory impact of OA —particularly its relationship with intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), mechanical ventilation strategies, and pulmonary complications— remains insufficiently defined. This scoping review aimed to summarize current evidence on respiratory complications and ventilatory management in critically ill patients with OA.

Methods

A scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (2010–2024). Studies involving adult ICU patients with OA and reporting respiratory outcomes or ventilatory strategies were included. Data were synthesized narratively, tabulated, and complemented with bibliometric mapping.

Results

Of 479 studies identified, 5 met inclusion criteria. The most frequent respiratory complications were acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and reduced pulmonary compliance in the context of elevated IAP. Ventilatory strategies varied, but lung-protective ventilation and individualized PEEP titration based on IAP were consistently recommended. Evidence suggests that selected OA patients may be extubated prior to fascial closure.

Conclusions

This scoping review identified limited evidence suggest that OA affects respiratory mechanics, particularly pulmonary compliance and airway pressures in the context of elevated IAP. The scarcity of available evidence prevents the establishment of formal ventilatory recommendations. Important knowledge gaps are identified in: standardized ventilation targets, criteria for early extubation, and respiratory considerations in the timing of abdominal closure.

Keywords:
Open abdomen
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Intra-abdominal hypertension
Respiratory complications
Intensive care

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